Graphene’s journey from hype to prime time, and harvesting lithium from briny water
Oct 10, 2024
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Mark Peplow, a seasoned science journalist, reflects on graphene's evolution from initial hype to vital real-world applications over the past 20 years. He discusses its potential in futuristic technologies like space elevators while addressing challenges in manufacturing and engineering. Meanwhile, Seth Darling, Chief Science and Technology Officer at Argonne National Laboratory, reveals innovative methods for extracting lithium from saltwater, highlighting sustainable approaches to meet the growing demand for clean energy.
Graphene has transitioned from initial hype to practical applications in technology, showcasing its gradual impact in various industries despite previous challenges.
Innovative lithium extraction methods from brine, using sunlight and electrochemical cells, promise increased efficiency and sustainability crucial for rising demand.
Deep dives
The Evolution and Reality of Graphene
Graphene, discovered 20 years ago, has had a tumultuous path from being touted as a miraculous material to facing significant challenges in practical applications. Initially, its remarkable strength and conductivity sparked excitement about its potential in technologies like space elevators and advanced electronics. However, obstacles such as the difficulty in creating large-scale, defect-free graphene and the lack of an essential band gap for semiconductor applications have hindered its commercial viability. Despite this, graphene has found niche uses in anti-corrosion coatings and in electronics, demonstrating that while early hype may have led to disillusionment, it is now gradually making an impact in various industries.
Innovations in Lithium Extraction
Innovative techniques are being developed to extract lithium more efficiently, addressing the rising demand primarily driven by the electric vehicle market. Traditional methods, particularly extraction from hard rock, are greenhouse gas intensive, while brine extraction relies on time-consuming evaporation processes. New strategies utilize sunlight and specialized membranes to accelerate the extraction from brine, promising reductions in processing time from 18 months to mere days. Another method employs electrochemical cells to separate lithium from brine while generating some energy, showcasing significant potential in improving the sustainability of lithium sourcing.
Graphene's Adjacent Materials Gain Traction
The concept of graphene has evolved to encompass a variety of related materials that retain some of graphene's properties while being easier to produce and use. Materials like graphene oxide and nanoplatelets have become popular alternatives due to their simpler manufacturing processes, with companies integrating these into products like shoes and tennis rackets. This expansion has led to a proliferation of 'graphene-enhanced' products in the market, although it has also created confusion regarding the actual composition and effectiveness of these materials. Ultimately, the shift towards these derivatives exemplifies a practical approach to exploiting the unique properties of graphene without the challenges of handling monolayer graphene.
The Role of Recycling and Future Innovations
As demand for lithium and other critical materials grows, the need for effective recycling methods becomes imperative. The industry currently lacks substantial recycling protocols for lithium-ion batteries, necessitating advancements to recover valuable materials from batteries at the end of their lifespan. Strategies for recycling not only aim to extract lithium but also to repurpose batteries for uses like grid storage. Innovations in this area are expected to not only address supply constraints but also to facilitate a circular economy for clean energy technologies, ensuring a more sustainable future.
First up this week, we celebrate 20 years of graphene—from discovery, to hype, and now reality as it finally finds its place in technology and science. Science journalist Mark Peplow joins host Sarah Crespi to discuss graphene’s bumpy journey.
Next, producer Meagan Cantwell talks with Seth Darling, chief science and technology officer for the Advanced Energy Technologies Directorate at Argonne National Laboratory, about two new ways to harvest lithium from water. One approach harnesses sunlight to pull water up through a membrane and collect lithium, whereas the other uses an electrochemical cell to selectively suck lithium up. Finding efficient ways to extract lithium from sources where it’s lower in concentration, such as the ocean, will be crucial as demand increases.
This week’s episode was produced with help from Podigy.