Neurology professor Robert Sapolsky challenges the concept of free will, exploring the illusion and its impact on society, morality, and the criminal justice system. They discuss determinism, behavior shaping, and the nonsensical nature of congratulating achievements. They also address objections to scrapping belief in free will and discuss Sapolsky's book Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will.
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Quick takeaways
Our subjective experience of having control over our thoughts and actions is not supported by scientific understanding of the brain, as our behaviors and decisions are influenced by biological, genetic, and environmental factors over which we have no control.
The definition of free will is challenged, as it is argued that factors such as intention, understanding of outcomes, and awareness of alternatives do not address why a person intends something or why they have particular desires or preferences.
The absence of free will challenges current moral and legal frameworks that presuppose an individual's autonomous control over their actions, suggesting a need to shift from a retributive model of punishment to one focused on prevention, rehabilitation, and addressing the underlying causes of behavior.
Deep dives
Free Will as an Illusion
The podcast explores the concept of free will as an illusion. The guest, Robert Sapolsky, argues that our subjective experience of having control over our thoughts and actions is not supported by scientific understanding of the brain. He explains that our behaviors and decisions are influenced by a complex web of biological, genetic, and environmental factors, over which we have no control. Sapolsky highlights that our beliefs about free will have significant moral and legal implications, and suggests that our treatment of others should be based on a more nuanced understanding of the determinants of behavior.
Defining Free Will
In the podcast, Sapolsky discusses the definition of free will. He challenges the commonly held belief that free will involves intention, understanding of outcomes, and awareness of alternatives. Instead, he argues that these factors do not address the fundamental question of why a person intends something or why they have particular desires or preferences. Sapolsky suggests that attributing free will to decision-making overlooks the countless underlying biological and environmental factors that contribute to our choices.
Determinism and Compatibilism
Sapolsky also explores the concepts of determinism and compatibilism. He explains that determinism, the idea that the world operates according to physical laws and causality, challenges the notion of free will. Compatibilism, on the other hand, seeks to reconcile determinism with the belief in free will by arguing that our actions are determined by factors beyond our control, yet we still have the ability to make choices. Sapolsky, however, aligns himself with the hard incompatibleism perspective, maintaining that free will is an illusion regardless of attempts to reconcile it with determinism.
Implications for Moral Responsibility
The podcast discusses the implications of the absence of free will on moral responsibility. Sapolsky questions the current moral and legal frameworks that presuppose an individual's autonomous control over their actions. He argues that ethical judgments, blame, and punishment should be based on an understanding that behavior is determined by factors beyond an individual's control. Sapolsky suggests that society needs to shift from a retributive model of punishment to one focused on prevention, rehabilitation, and addressing the underlying causes of behavior.
Challenging Traditional Beliefs
The podcast highlights the challenge of accepting the absence of free will in our personal beliefs and societal systems. Sapolsky acknowledges the difficulty in fully embracing this perspective, citing the deeply ingrained belief in free will as a product of both cultural and religious influences. He suggests that while it may be hard to fully let go of the notion of free will, we can still strive to treat others with empathy and understanding based on a more nuanced understanding of the determinants of human behavior.
Sean Illing speaks with Robert Sapolsky, a professor of biology and neurology at Stanford University and the author of a new book called Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will. They discuss the concept of free will, whether it actually exists in the way we think it does, and what it means for society if free will is indeed an illusion.
Host: Sean Illing (@seanilling), host, The Gray Area
Guest: Robert Sapolsky, author, Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will