254 | William Egginton on Kant, Heisenberg, and Borges
Oct 23, 2023
01:06:56
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Quick takeaways
Kant's Critique of Pure Reason proposes that our knowledge is shaped by our intuitive faculties and does not necessarily reflect the true nature of reality.
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle rejects the idea of a complete and objective understanding of reality, highlighting the inherent uncertainty in our observations and the limitations of human perception.
Borges' exploration of metaphysical thought experiments in his stories challenges the complexities and limitations of observation, memory, and perception.
Deep dives
Kant's Copernican Revolution in Epistemology
Kant's Critique of Pure Reason challenges the notions of empiricists and rationalists by proposing that we can never know the world as it exists independent of our perceptions. According to Kant, our knowledge is formed through the conditions of possibility provided by our intuitive faculties, namely space and time. These a priori structures shape our experience of the world, but they do not necessarily reflect the true nature of reality. This perspective introduced a paradigm shift in epistemology, offering a new way to approach the limitations of human understanding.
Heisenberg's Connection to Kant and Quantum Mechanics
Heisenberg, influenced by philosophical discussions and particularly by Kant, realized that our observations of the physical world are inextricably linked to the limits of what can be known. He rejected the notion that we can have a complete and objective understanding of reality. Instead, Heisenberg proposed that our observations involve an inherent uncertainty, which is a fundamental aspect of how the quantum world operates. This insight led to the development of quantum mechanics and the understanding that our observations are necessarily incomplete and uncertain.
Borges and the Limits of Perception and Memory
Borges, a renowned Argentine writer, delves into metaphysical thought experiments through his unique blend of essays and stories. One of his famous stories, 'Funes the Memorious,' explores the limits of human perception and memory. The protagonist, Funes, possesses perfect memory and cannot forget anything. However, this perfection creates challenges, as Funes cannot distinguish between past and present moments, blurring his ability to perceive the world. Borges plays with logical conundrums in this story, highlighting the complexities and limitations of observation and perception.
The significance of the distinction between the knower and what's being known
Kant's philosophy emphasizes the importance of maintaining a distinction between the knower and what is being known. This distinction raises the issue of synthesizing different moments and the role of human consciousness in this process. Heisenberg later grapples with Kant's ideas and accepts the distinction between the knowing subject and the known object. This distinction highlights the minimal difference required for perception and knowledge to occur.
Heisenberg's contributions to quantum mechanics
Heisenberg's work in the 1920s on matrix mechanics, which later became known as quantum mechanics, revolutionized our understanding of the subatomic world. By focusing on frequencies and abandoning the idea of positional properties of particles, Heisenberg achieved remarkable results. His computations, although noncommutative, yielded accurate experimental results. The famous equation X p - p X = iħ captured the essence of quantum mechanics, but its seemingly paradoxical nature challenged conventional notions of how the world works. Heisenberg's insights and his debates with physicists like Einstein pushed science forward while reminding us to be cautious about our presumptions and assumptions about reality.
It can be tempting, when first introduced to a deep concept of physics like Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, to draw grand philosophical conclusions about the impossibility of knowing anything precisely. That is generally a temptation to be resisted, just because it's so easy to do it wrong. But there is absolutely a place for a careful humanistic synthesis of these kinds of scientific ideas with other ideas, for example from philosophy or literature. That's the kind of task William Egginton takes on in his new book The Rigor of Angels, which compares the work of philosopher Immanuel Kant, physicist Werner Heisenberg, and author Jorge Luis Borges, three thinkers who grappled with limitations on our aspirations to know reality directly.
William Egginton received his Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from Stanford University. He is currently the Decker Professor in the Humanities and Director of the Alexander Grass Humanities Institute at Johns Hopkins. He is the author of numerous books on literature, literary theory, and philosophy. In addition to The Rigor of Angels, he has an upcoming book on the work of Chilean film director Alejandro Jodorowsky.