Dawn Day Biehler, "Animating Central Park: A Multispecies History" (U Washington Press, 2024)
Mar 1, 2025
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Dawn Day Biehler, an Associate Professor of Geography and Environmental Studies, dives into the hidden history of Central Park's rich tapestry of species. She discusses how beavers, sheep, and even pigs have shaped the park's narrative since the 1850s. Biehler highlights the cultural conflicts over which animals belong, reflecting broader societal tensions. From tales of urban wildlife oddities to community efforts blending history and environmental justice, her insights reveal the deep connections between nature and city life, emphasizing ongoing struggles for belonging in urban green spaces.
Central Park's history showcases the complex interplay between human and animal relationships, reflecting changing urban planning priorities and community needs.
The establishment of the Central Park Menagerie illustrates public demand for animal encounters, intertwining education, conservation, and entertainment within an evolving urban landscape.
Deep dives
The Human-Animal History of Central Park
Central Park was built on land that historically supported diverse human-animal interactions, particularly before its establishment in 1858. Communities such as Seneca Village thrived in the area, where residents kept various livestock, including horses, cows, and goats, that were integral to their daily lives. This relationship highlights the long-standing importance of animal presence in urban spaces, as different groups of people relied on animals for transportation, food, and companionship. The evolution of human-animal relationships in this context reflects shifting urban planning priorities and reveals the complexities of how urban nature was managed and transformed over time.
Designing for Aesthetics: The Role of Animals
The architects of Central Park, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, initially overlooked the explicit inclusion of animals in their plans but recognized their aesthetic value in enhancing the park experience. Various submissions during the design competition showcased desires for a lively space where animals would attract city dwellers, simultaneously reconnecting them with nature. The presence of animals, such as swans donated to represent North American wildlife, catered to the perceived need for urban residents to experience natural beauty and wildlife. Despite tensions surrounding visions of the park, the popularity of incorporating animals reflected broader social interests in creating a vibrant urban oasis.
The Evolution of Central Park’s Menagerie
The Central Park Menagerie was created out of a mix of desires for public education, conservation, and entertainment, reflecting tensions around the representation of animals in urban life. Designed to provide a democratic zoo experience, the Menagerie faced criticism from architects who worried it would compromise the park's natural aesthetics. However, demand from city residents for animal encounters led to a growing collection of local wildlife that was often seen as a form of urban animal rescue. This blend of entertainment and education demonstrates how public sentiment and common interests shaped the presence and role of animals in the evolving landscape of Central Park.
Contemporary Uses and Challenges in Central Park
As Central Park experienced increased usage over the years, the erosion of the park's landscapes became a pressing concern due to insufficient maintenance funding. Differing visions for the park's purpose emerged, with some advocating for quiet appreciation while others sought more active recreational uses, leading to conflicts among user groups. This tension highlights evolving urban expectations wherein equestrian spaces once reserved for elite riders were opened to broader public access, changing the dynamic of land use. The complex negotiation of space in Central Park exemplifies how competing interests often shape the management and experience of urban environments.
From deer and beavers to “free range” pigs and goats in and around Seneca Village, what we now know as Central Park has long been home to an abundance of animals. In 1858, the city adopted the Greensward Plan and began the long process of reshaping the 843 acres of land into a park where everything—from the trees to the trails to the inhabitants—would be meticulously planned to benefit New Yorkers and to promote the city as a global metropolis among the likes of London and Paris. But this vision of Central Park embodied white elite European values, and disagreements about which creatures belonged in the park’s waters and green spaces have often perpetuated systems of oppression.
Illuminating the multispecies story of Central Park from the 1850s to the 1970s in Animating Central Park: A Multispecies History (University of Washington Press, 2024), Dr. Dawn Day Biehler examines the vibrant and intimately connected lives of humans and nonhuman animals in the park. She reveals stories of grazing sheep, teeming fish, nesting swans, migrating warblers, and escaped bison as well as human New Yorkers’ attempts to reconfigure their relationships to the land and claim spaces for recreation and leisure. Ultimately, Dr. Biehler shows how Central Park has always been a place where animals and humans alike have vied for power and belonging.
This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars.