In their prime: how trillions of cicadas pop up right on time
May 21, 2024
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Entomologist Dr. Gene Kritsky discusses the fascinating emergence of trillions of cicadas, explaining the synchronization, prime number cycles, and predatory challenges. The podcast explores the eerie transformation process, taste for humans, fungal infections, and the impact of climate change on cicada emergence. It also delves into the mysteries of cicadas' behavior, distribution patterns, and the innovative 'Cicada Safari' app for tracking their appearance.
Periodical cicadas emerge after 13 and 17 years, synchronized with soil temperature and tree leaf development.
Cicadas' massive emergences benefit wildlife populations and impact food web dynamics through predator satiation.
Deep dives
Cicada Emergence and Lifecycle
Periodical cicadas emerge after 13 and 17 years underground, with trillions of them crawling out from the soil across 17 states in the Midwestern and Eastern U.S. These cicadas go through a complex lifecycle, hatching from eggs in tree branches, dropping to the ground as nymphs to feed on tree roots, and eventually transforming into adult cicadas after climbing trees. The insects emerge at night en masse, shedding their nymph shells to become adults, which are black with red eyes and orange-tinted wings. The cycle's synchronization with soil temperature and tree leaf development marks their emergence.
Cicadas vs. Locusts
While cicadas are often mistaken for locusts due to historical naming confusion, these insects do not pose a threat to crops like locusts do. Cicadas are related to aphids and undergo long prime number lifecycle intervals to avoid predators becoming synchronously evasive. The massive emergences create a feast for predators like turkeys, leading to benefits in wildlife populations due to increased prey availability. The periodic cicadas' emergence significantly impacts the ecosystem through predator satiation, influencing food web dynamics.
Fascinating Cicada Characteristics
Cicadas exhibit unique characteristics, including susceptibility to a fungal infection that can cause hypersexualized behavior and evade predator detection. The insects are preyed upon by various animals like dogs, cats, owls, and more, contributing to the phenomenon of predator satiation. Humans can consume cicadas, with their taste resembling cold canned asparagus or a raw potato. An app called "Cicada Safari" allows citizen scientists to report cicada sightings, aiding researchers in tracking emergences influenced by climate change and off-cycle occurrences.
Right now, across much of the midwestern and eastern US, trillions of cicadas are crawling out from the soil. And this year is extra special, because two broods are erupting from the ground at once. The first brood hasn’t been seen for 13 years, the other for 17 years and the last time they emerged together Thomas Jefferson was president. Ian Sample speaks to entomologist Dr Gene Kritsky to find out what’s going on, why periodical cicadas emerge in cycles of prime numbers and how they keep time underground. Help support our independent journalism at theguardian.com/sciencepod
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