What causes cultures to decline and fall?

In this insightful discussion, guests Luke Kemp, a researcher from Cambridge focusing on societal collapses, Islam Issa, a British-Egyptian historian specializing in Alexandria, and Caroline Dodds-Pennock, an expert on Indigenous American histories, delve into the complexities behind cultural decline. They explain how collapse involves not just immediate factors, but deep-rooted societal vulnerabilities. The conversation explores historical case studies like Ptolemaic Egypt and the Aztecs, emphasizing resilience through cultural continuity and the unexpected outcomes that can emerge from disaster.