Understanding AQP4 and MOGAD Distinctions

AQP4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) are two distinct autoimmune conditions affecting the central nervous system (CNS). The clinical features, MRI characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of these disorders differ from multiple sclerosis (MS), the most prevalent demyelinating disease. Recognizing the unique clinical and MRI profiles associated with AQP4 and MOGAD is essential for accurate diagnosis, as they exhibit symptoms and imaging findings that can be mistaken for MS. This highlights the importance of developing precise diagnostic criteria to mitigate the risks of misdiagnosis and ensure timely treatment.