Zrinka Stahuljak, "Fixers: Agency, Translation, and the Early Global History of Literature" (U Chicago Press, 2024)
Sep 18, 2024
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Zrinka Stahuljak, a Professor of Comparative Literature at UCLA, redefines the role of translators in the medieval world. She introduces the concept of 'fixers,' who actively shaped cultural exchanges rather than merely conveying authors' intentions. The conversation uncovers the economic and political dimensions of translation during the Crusades, alongside the dynamics of loyalty and gift exchange. Stahuljak's insights encourage a paradigm shift in understanding literary history, promoting a more inclusive view that highlights the significance of relational communication.
Dr. Stahuljak introduces the concept of 'fixers' to redefine translators as active agents who shape cultural exchanges instead of mere conduits.
The podcast emphasizes that the analysis of fixers highlights economic relationships in medieval translation, revealing complexities of trust and negotiation.
By focusing on fixers in literature, the discussion uncovers how political ambitions and cultural narratives intertwined in medieval European history.
Deep dives
The Concept of 'Fixers' in Medieval Contexts
The term 'fixers' refers to individuals who serve multifaceted roles beyond mere translators or interpreters in historical contexts. They act as agents, local informants, guides, and liaisons, navigating the intricacies of foreign languages and cultures. This broader understanding of fixers challenges traditional views in translation studies, emphasizing that their functions extend to facilitating communication, navigating unfamiliar social customs, and acting as critical intermediaries in various situations. By adopting this perspective, one can appreciate how these roles influenced the dynamics of power and knowledge transmission in the medieval world.
Redefining Translation and Agency
The book asserts that fixers occupy a 'third space' that complicates binary notions of translation and agency, breaking down the traditional dichotomy of active agent versus passive recipient. Instead of viewing translators merely as conduits, this framework recognizes their impact as independent actors who actively shape and negotiate information and cultural exchanges. This approach encourages a reevaluation of historical contexts, revealing how such interactions were often characterized by a lack of neutrality and fidelity, laying the groundwork for understanding the complexities of human relationships in translation. By doing so, the concept of fixers demands that we reconsider how translation operates within broader societal frameworks, emphasizing relationality and situationality.
Impact on Historical Understanding
The analysis of fixers allows for a reconceptualization of medieval literature as inherently tied to communication and relationality rather than strict fidelity to authorship or textual originality. This shift in focus reveals how literary works were often produced from communal knowledge and shared experiences, rather than from the individual authorial intent. Furthermore, by placing loyalty to individuals at the forefront, the paradigm of fixers encourages historians to reconsider how historical narratives were constructed and recorded, gently pushing aside the binary of fact versus fiction. Such reexamination holds significant implications not only for understanding medieval literature but also for reinterpreting European history as inherently interconnected and relational.
Economic Dimensions of Translation
The podcast discusses an economy of translation that blossomed during the medieval pilgrim movement, underscoring how economic relationships intertwined with translation practices. Pilgrims navigating foreign landscapes relied heavily on fixers, creating a contractual economy where trust and negotiation often exceeded formal agreements. However, the actual experiences of these pilgrims often defied simple contractual obligations, resulting in complex relational dynamics grounded in gift exchanges and indebtedness. This economic lens reveals deeper insights into how communities interacted across cultural boundaries, illuminating the potential for diverse encounters and unexpected alliances amid sacred quests.
Rethinking European History Through Fixers
The discussion extends to the Burgundian context, illustrating how fixer literature of the period offers crucial insights into the political landscape and ambitions of the time. By analyzing how fixers were depicted in literature—essentially serving as instruments for navigating political aspirations—one can see how this fiction foretells the ambitions of figures like Charles V. This re-examination connects the cultural productions of medieval Europe with evolving notions of empire, illustrating a complex lineage of continuity from the Burgundian duchy to the Habsburg empire. Ultimately, this engagement with fixer literature offers a platform for rethinking the historical periodization and interconnectedness of European political histories.
In Fixers: Agency, Translation, and the Early Global History of Literature(University of Chicago Press, 2024), Dr. Zrinka Stahuljak challenges scholars in both mediaeval and translation studies to rethink how ideas and texts circulated in the mediaeval world. Whereas many view translators as mere conduits of authorial intention, Dr. Stahuljak proposes a new perspective rooted in a term from journalism: the fixer. With this language, Dr. Stahuljak captures the diverse, active roles mediaeval translators and interpreters played as mediators of entire cultures—insider informants, local guides, knowledge brokers, art distributors, and political players. Fixers offers nothing less than a new history of literature, art, translation, and social exchange from the perspective not of the author or state but of the fixer.
This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars.