In this episode, Dr. Jess Steier and Dr. Sarah Scheinman explore the fascinating field of epigenetics, which examines how external factors influence gene expression and impact health outcomes. They discuss the interplay between nature and nurture, explaining how epigenetics involves information layered on top of DNA that affects gene operation. The scientists cover key mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone modifications, and how factors such as nutrition and stress can impact these processes. They highlight landmark studies, including research on agouti mice and the Dutch Famine Birth Cohort Study, which demonstrate the long-term effects of environmental factors on gene expression and disease risk. The conversation also touches on the implications of epigenetics for mental health and the potential for future advancements in personalized medicine. Throughout the episode, Dr. Steier and Dr. Scheinman emphasize the complex relationship between genetics and environment in shaping human development and health.

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(00:00) Introduction

(02:27) Understanding Genetics and the Human Genome

(06:23) Epigenetics: Layered Information on Top of DNA

(10:19) Explaining Methylation and Histones

(16:20) External and Internal Regulation of Epigenetic Modifications

(18:43) Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance

(21:21) Landmark Studies in Epigenetics: Agouti Mice

(23:35) Environmental Influence on Epigenetic Markers in Twins

(26:07) Prenatal Exposure to Famine and DNA Methylation

(28:36) The Effects of Space Travel on Epigenetic Markers

(30:52) Epigenetics and Mental Health

(36:25) Final Thoughts: Future Advancements in Manipulating Epigenetic Changes

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