Join Newton, a renowned scientist and philosopher, as he discusses the weird tricks of time. From twins growing older at different rates to broken vases reassembling themselves, explore the multifaceted nature of time in physics. Discover the connection between Newton's laws and the second law of thermodynamics, and delve into the twin paradox and time dilation. Lastly, explore quantum gravity and the potential disappearance of time at a fundamental level.
Time has weird tricks up its sleeve, including twins who age at different rates and broken vases that reassemble themselves.
The conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics in the search for a theory of quantum gravity raises the problem of time and the need to explain its emergence.
Deep dives
Exploring the concept of time
Time is a fundamental aspect of our lives and plays an important role in understanding the world. It has been studied from various perspectives, including physics, philosophy, literature, psychology, and forensic entomology. Newtonian physics introduced the concept of time as a universal clock ticking for all material bodies. It assumed a direction to time and objective measures of duration. However, the directionality of time and the increase of entropy explained by the second law of thermodynamics posed challenges to Newton's theory. In relativistic physics, the concept of a universal clock was shattered, and individual clocks carried by particles became significant. Relativity also introduced the concept of time dilation, which was experimentally confirmed through the Twin Paradox. The conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics led to the quest for a theory of quantum gravity, where time seems to disappear at the fundamental level. However, researchers aim to explain the emergence of time and its coexistence with the evidence obtained from measurements in time.
The role of entropy and probability
Entropy, tied to the second law of thermodynamics, influences the direction of time. It explains why we see certain processes in a particular direction, such as objects shattering but rarely assembling back together. High entropy states, associated with disorder, are more probable due to the availability of numerous arrangements. Quantum mechanics relies on time to make sense of probabilities, where outcomes should sum to one at any given time. The conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics raised the problem of time in quantum gravity theories, some of which propose the absence of time at the fundamental level. However, the idea is to explain the emergence of time from these theories and its compatibility with empirical evidence dependent on time measurements.
The challenge of reconciling general relativity and quantum mechanics
General relativity and quantum mechanics are two highly successful theories, but they conflict when it comes to reconciling gravity and the behavior of particles at the smallest scales. This search for a theory of quantum gravity has led to various research programs, each proposing their own ideas. These theories raise the problem of time, with some suggesting time disappears at the fundamental level. However, researchers acknowledge that time still plays a role in other areas of physics, and the goal is to explain how time emerges and coexists with the evidence obtained from measurements in time. The field of quantum gravity is wide open, with multiple theories being explored to achieve a unified theory that incorporates both general relativity and quantum mechanics.
Most of us think of time as something that divides neatly into seconds, minutes and hours, in a way that’s as regular and predictable at the farthest reaches of the cosmos as it is in our kitchens. But scientists and philosophers have discovered that time has some weird tricks up its sleeve. This week we’re talking about twins who grow older at different rates, broken vases that jump off the floor to reassemble themselves on the bench, and why quantum physicists are learning to do without time altogether.
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