Can the Separation of Church and State be Sustained? | Prof. Paul Rahe
May 29, 2024
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Prof. Paul Rahe, an expert in political theory and history, delves into the historical context of the separation of church and state, exploring religious conflicts and political order. The podcast discusses religious tolerance, government's role in promoting peace, and the evolution of limited government. It also delves into the enduring connection between politics, religion, and totalitarianism across civilizations, drawing insights from ancient writings like Aristotle's ethics.
The separation of church and state in the US has prevented violent conflicts among Catholics and Protestants for centuries.
Historical disputes between Catholics and Protestants led to civil wars, prompting the concept of Erastianism for religious conflict resolution.
Deep dives
Separation of Church and State in the United States
The long-established separation of church and state in the United States, lasting for a quarter of a millennium in some regions and nearly 200 years in others, has successfully prevented violent conflicts among Catholics and Protestants. This separation was initiated to address the historical violence and disorder arising from doctrinal differences within Christianity, leading to schisms and conflicts even at an international level.
Historical Context and Impact on Civil Wars
Historical disputes between Catholics and Protestants in Western Christendom led to civil wars in the 16th and 17th centuries. The concept of Erastianism initially offered a pragmatic solution to religious conflicts, advocating for a cessation of hostilities. Figures like Thomas Hobbes supported this view, while also acknowledging the importance of religious toleration alongside the existence of an established church.
Religious Agitation and Political Liberty
In past centuries, religious agitation and rivalry between sects remained constrained by societal civility, with clergy promoting similar moral teachings. Adam Smith and John Locke advocated for religious freedom, arguing that in a society with diverse sects, the excessive zeal of rival denominations could lead to philosophical moderation and a reduction of doctrinal absurdities.
Political Philosophy, Totalitarianism, and Modern Challenges
Political philosophers from Aristotle to Locke and Jefferson have advocated for limitations on political authority and the separation of religion from the state to avoid doctrinal disputes in governance. However, the rise of ideology and partisan politics in the late 18th century, accompanied by totalitarian regimes in the 20th century, suggests lingering challenges. The quest for meaning in politics and technological advancements pose renewed threats to maintaining the delicate balance between political liberty and religious freedom.