The nature of nurture
Many Minds
Evolving Parental Roles in Evolution
This chapter explores the historical and evolutionary significance of male parental care, highlighting its prevalence in ancient vertebrates and contemporary species. It delves into gender biases in primatology, emphasizing the roles of both males and females in reproduction and cooperative breeding. The discussion connects past beliefs and Darwin's observations to modern shifts in gender roles within parenting and caregiving.
The idea of a "maternal instinct"—the notion that mothers are wired for nurturing and care—is a familiar one in our culture. And it has a flipside, a corollary—what you might call “paternal aloofness.” It's the idea that men just aren't meant to care for babies, that we have more, you know, manly things to do. But when you actually look at the biology of caretaking, the truth is more complicated and much more interesting.
My guest today is Dr. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy. She is Professor Emerita of Anthropology at the University of California, Davis and the author of the new book, Father Time: A Natural History of Men and Babies. In it, she examines paternal care, the biology that supports it, and the norms and practices that sometimes suppress it.
In this conversation, Sarah and I set her new book, Father Time, in the context of her four previous books. We discuss the surprising prevalence of male care in fish and amphibians. We talk about how Charles Darwin noted the plasticity of caretaking in animals, only to ignore that plasticity when talking about humans. We consider how time in intimate proximity with babies activates capacities for nurturing—not just in fathers, but in caretakers of all kinds. Along the way, we touch on langurs and owl monkeys; emus and cassowaries; cichlid fish and fairy shrimp; prolactin and oxytocin; patriarchy and patriarchal notions. We talk about what seems to be distinctive about the human capacity for care; and about what happens when males spend too much time competing for status, and not enough time snuggling babies.
You'll probably get a sense for this from our conversation, but there are very few researchers who take both biology and culture as seriously as Sarah Blaffer Hrdy does. She does not shy away from digging deep into either domain. And she does not shy away from trying to trace the tangled links between the two.
Alright friends, I hope you enjoy this one. On to my conversation with Dr. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy.
A transcript of this episode is available here.
Notes and links
3:00 – A classic paper on male parental care in fishes.
7:00 – Dr. Hrdy’s previous books include The Langurs of Abu, The Woman that Never Evolved, Mother Nature, and Mothers and Others.
13:00 – A academic article on “cooperative breeding” in birds.
16:30 – The full text of Charles Darwin’s book, The Descent of Man.
21:00 – Read about Caroline Kennard and her correspondence with Darwin here.
23:30 – A review of a recent book on Nancy Hopkins and her (quantitative) efforts to expose sexism at MIT.
26:00 – The 2014 paper on the brains of fathers in different caretaking roles.
37:00 – A paper by Larry Young and a colleague on the role of ancient peptides (like oxytocin) in sociality.
40:00 – The lab of Dr. Lauren O’Connell, who studies physiology and social behavior in poison dart frogs.
42:00 – A review of paternal care in primates.
47:00 – For more on Michael Tomasello’s “mutualism hypothesis”—and a lot else—see our earlier episode with Dr. Tomasello.
49:00 – For more on the costliness of the human brain, see our earlier episodes here and here.
58:00 – The 2007 study by Esther Herrmann, Michael Tomasello, and colleagues on the human specialization for social cognition.
59:00 – A study of children’s early “ostensive gestures” of showing and offering.
1:02:00 – An obituary for the ethnographer Lorna Marshall.
1:09:00 – An overview of ostracods and the traces they leave in the fossil record.
Recommendations
The Parental Brain, Michael Numan
Silas Marner, George Eliot
Endless Forms Most Beautiful, Sean Carroll
Your Inner Fish, Neil Shubin
Brave Genius, Sean Carroll
Many Minds is a project of the Diverse Intelligences Summer Institute, which is made possible by a generous grant from the John Templeton Foundation to Indiana University. The show is hosted and produced by Kensy Cooperrider, with help from Assistant Producer Urte Laukaityte and with creative support from DISI Directors Erica Cartmill and Jacob Foster. Our artwork is by Ben Oldroyd. Our transcripts are created by Sarah Dopierala.
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