Managing Acute Back Pain in Emergency Care

Show Notes

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Clinical Evaluation:

• Primary Goal: Distinguish benign musculoskeletal pain from serious pathology.
• Red Flags: Look for indicators of spinal infection, spinal bleed, or space-occupying lesions (e.g., tumors, large herniated discs).
• Assessment: A thorough history and neurological exam (strength testing, gait) is essential.
• Additional Tools: Use bedside ultrasound for post-void residual assessment in suspected cauda equina syndrome

Imaging Guidelines:

• Routine Imaging: Generally not indicated for young, healthy patients without red flags.
• ACEP Recommendations: Avoid lumbar X-rays in patients under 50 without risk factors, as they do not change management and may increase costs and ED time.
• Advanced Imaging: Reserve MRI for patients with red flags, neurological deficits, or suspected cauda equina syndrome; CRP may be a part of your calculus when evaluating for infectious causes of back pain

Treatment Options:

• Evidence-Based First-Line:
  • NSAIDs offer modest benefit.
  • Skeletal muscle relaxants can be used but require caution due to side effects.
• Ineffective Therapies:
  • Acetaminophen shows no benefit for back pain.
  • Steroids are not recommended for non-radicular pain, with only limited benefit in sciatica.
  • Topical treatments, lidocaine patches, and opioids are not supported by evidence and may pose additional risks.

Alternative and Experimental Interventions:

• Nerve Blocks: Current evidence is limited; more research is needed on trigger point injections and erector spinae plane blocks.
• Severe Pain Management:
  • A single opioid dose (preferably codeine or oral morphine) may be considered to facilitate discharge when necessary.
  • Use diazepam sparingly for immediate mobilization.
  • Onsite physical therapy in the ED can be beneficial when available.
• Preventing Chronic Pain:
  • Research Focus: Ongoing studies are evaluating whether duloxetine (Cymbalta) can prevent the transition from acute to chronic back pain.
  • Non-Pharmacologic Measures: Consider spinal mobilization, physical therapy, acupuncture, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as adjuncts in management.

Take-Home Points:

• Most acute back pain is benign, but watch for red flags like IV drug use, anticoagulation, or neurological symptoms (e.g., weakness, bladder dysfunction) that may indicate serious conditions like spinal infections, bleeds, or cord compression.
• Avoid unnecessary lumbar X-rays in young, healthy patients without red flags—MRI is preferred only for those with risk factors, neurological deficits, or suspected cauda equina syndrome.
•  Use NSAIDs and skeletal muscle relaxants for acute musculoskeletal back pain, as they offer modest benefits. Avoid opioids, acetaminophen, and steroids for non-radicular pain, as they lack evidence.
• For severe, uncontrolled pain, consider a single opioid dose (e.g., codeine) or diazepam sparingly
• Encourage patients to engage in non-pharmacologic therapies like yoga, massage, or cognitive behavioral therapy to aid recovery and prevent chronic pain.