3min chapter

Hidden Forces cover image

Engineering Society and the Human Experience | Michael Sacasas

Hidden Forces

CHAPTER

The Transition From Tools to Systems

Illich was trying to develop an alternative to industrial tools and institutions. He sees basically the trajectory of a fully industrialized society being environmental degradation, social polarization, and what he calls psychological impotence. The system envelopes you in such a way that's impossible to stand apart from it with that same level of autonomy.

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