The research, and I'm summarizing probably a whole series of studies, occurred in two phases. Phase one was the training phase in which Motley crew of dogs were randomly assigned,. as it were, to the A group and the B group. They were paired up. So you had the A1B1 dog, the A2B2 dog paired. And so then the dogs were brought into identical pens, small rooms that had a metal floor and a light, a buzzer, and a big button right around shoulder level for the dog. The only difference was the button did not work in the B dog's pen.

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