Exploring the relationship between European powers and the Ottoman Empire in protecting religious minorities, the chapter delves into the Turkish nationalists' perception of Christians as imperial proxies, the breakdown of order in 1860, Ataturk's vision for Turkey, and the emergence of weaker states in the Arab provinces post-Ottoman Empire.
Featuring Ussama Makdisi on the late Ottoman Empire's Arab culture of Muslim, Christian, and Jewish coexistence—an ecumenical frame that was interrupted by European colonialism and Zionism, which exacerbated and exploited sectarianism. This is the first of a two-part interview.
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