This chapter explores the post-Ottoman mandate states in Iraq, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon, and compares the British and French approaches to handling local governments and religious differences. It highlights the division and partition imposed by the colonial powers, the lack of consideration for local interests, and the absence of citizenship options for the natives.
Featuring Ussama Makdisi on the late Ottoman Empire's Arab culture of Muslim, Christian, and Jewish coexistence—an ecumenical frame that was interrupted by European colonialism and Zionism, which exacerbated and exploited sectarianism. This is the first of a two-part interview.
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