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The Utilitarian Approach to Animals
The right question for us to ask about animals is not can they reason, but can they suffer? That seems like a helpful intervention in the conversation. But focusing just on suffering or pain and pleasure as is single calculus also kind of brings up these issues that you're mentioning. In short, it's not individual focused enough. If used individuals only as containers of pleasure and pain rather than as separate beings who should be treated each one of them as an end.