Waiting for Robots
The Hired Hands of Automation
Book •
This book, initially published in French in 2019, has been updated and augmented for a US audience.
It explores the hidden human labor behind AI, exposing the exploitation of workers in low-income countries who perform data annotation and other tasks crucial to AI's functionality.
The author challenges the notion of AI as fully autonomous, revealing the extensive human involvement often obscured by technological advancements.
It serves as a critical examination of the economic and social implications of AI, urging a reevaluation of our relationship with technology and its impact on workers globally.
The book also includes a prequel exploring the historical roots of this type of labor.
It explores the hidden human labor behind AI, exposing the exploitation of workers in low-income countries who perform data annotation and other tasks crucial to AI's functionality.
The author challenges the notion of AI as fully autonomous, revealing the extensive human involvement often obscured by technological advancements.
It serves as a critical examination of the economic and social implications of AI, urging a reevaluation of our relationship with technology and its impact on workers globally.
The book also includes a prequel exploring the historical roots of this type of labor.
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Mentioned by Antonio Casilli in the context of his own work.

Antonio A. Casilli, "Waiting for Robots: The Hired Hands of Automation" (U Chicago Press, 2025)