works by Herbert Spencer

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Herbert Spencer, a prominent 19th-century English philosopher and sociologist, is best known for his contributions to social Darwinism.

He applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human societies, arguing that social evolution mirrors biological evolution.

Spencer's ideas emphasized competition and individual self-reliance as driving forces of progress.

His work, while influential, has been criticized for its justification of social inequalities and its potential to legitimize laissez-faire capitalism.

Spencer's writings remain significant for understanding the historical context of social Darwinism and its impact on social and political thought.

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Ruth Kinna
as a key figure in social Darwinism.
Peter Kropotkin: an interview with Professor Ruth Kinna

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