The designation of a group with essential, evil qualities is rationalized by appealing to the greatest source of authority of the era, like religion in the past, science in modern times, or human rights in the present. This act is essential to transform a group into the 'other,' necessitating a distortion or ignorance of reality. Through appeals to authoritative doctrines or concepts, such as religious doctrine attributing Jews as Christ killers, perverted science suggesting Jews endanger racial purity, or distorted human rights labeling Zionism as violators, these collective designations are constructed. By distorting human rights concepts, accusations of ethnic cleansing on those who were ethnically cleansed from the Arab world are made, showcasing the manipulation of authority for collective designation.