The two key insights discussed are the limitations of one-dimensional thinking leading to the development of one-dimensional toolkits for problem-solving, thus necessitating new methods to capture the richness of reality. Additionally, the emphasis is placed on moving beyond equilibrium thinking, as many current theories focus on static equilibrium states, neglecting the dynamical nature of reality, such as economic collapse or bubbles, which are not accommodated in traditional economic theory. This highlights the need to develop mathematical methods to study out-of-equilibrium systems and consider dynamic phenomena.

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