Interdependence was thought to incentivize cooperation for political actors. However, in reality, interdependence has become a sphere of competition, with countries using their privileged position in networks to punish competitors. Examples include the US conducting cyber espionage due to its control over key data centers and cables, and the US surgically cutting China out of certain parts of the chip industry while keeping China dependent on others. This enables the US to deny China access to cutting edge tools, software, and certain types of chips.

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