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Efficiency in Food Utilization
Starting with 5,000 calories and ending up with 2,500-3,000 calories per day is due to feeding a significant portion of food to livestock, which inefficiently converts it to meat. Feeding crops to animals results in a loss of calories, with only half of the world's cereals directly consumed by humans; the rest is used for animal feed or biofuels, leading to significant food wastage.