VO2 max is a measure of how well one can bring in oxygen and utilize it. It is calculated as cardiac output (stroke volume multiplied by heart rate) multiplied by AVO2 difference. The AVO2 difference is the difference in oxygen levels between the arterial and venous sides, indicating how effectively oxygen is extracted into the working muscles. A higher AVO2 difference coupled with an increased cardiac output results in a higher VO2 max. VO2 max is expressed in milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute, with a recommended target of 50 for men and 45 for women at age 50. Achieving a VO2 max of 45-50 is considered solid and desirable, showcasing efficient oxygen utilization.

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