Life on Earth evolved from multiple origins, with one dominant strategy prevailing. Unfortunately, we have yet to find life elsewhere in the universe, limiting our understanding of cognition. However, in terms of higher-level thinking, octopuses provide a unique example as intelligent creatures with a common ancestor to humans. Peter Godfrey Smith, a philosopher, explores consciousness using octopuses as a valuable reference point. By studying these divergent evolutionary paths, we can gain insights into higher-level thinking, self-awareness, and the brain-body relationship.