The exploration of data integrity has evolved from basic authentication of data structures, such as binary trees, to more complex operations involving database queries. Initially, the focus was on verifying simple queries within a predefined range using established methods like Merkle Trees. However, the challenge grew to accommodate broader database functionalities, including filters, joins, and grouped operations. The emphasis shifted to maintaining integrity through public commitments to multiple data tables, enabling the execution of SQL queries while ensuring proof of data correctness.

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