Praising someone as smart or talented before or after a task can actually harm their performance, while praising their effort can greatly improve it. This has been shown consistently in various groups of students and adults. By acknowledging someone's dedication, persistence, and ability to overcome challenges before they face a challenge, they will do better. Similarly, praising their hard work and perseverance after a task motivates them to continue putting in effort in the future. In summary, identity praise before or after performance is detrimental, while effort praise before or after performance leads to better results.

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