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#922 Stephen Grossberg - Conscious Mind, Resonant Brain: How Each Brain Makes a Mind
The Dissenter
**1800s physicists were also psychologists **
Physicists in the late 1800s, such as Helmholtz, Clerk Maxwell, and Ernst Mach, made significant contributions to psychology and neuroscience alongside physics. They studied the observer and the observed world simultaneously, with a focus on understanding the structure of physical space and time as well as psychological space and time. However, as seen with Albert Einstein, who moved towards only focusing on physics, the shift occurred due to the nature of experimental data that these physicists uncovered. This data was non-linear, non-stationary, and non-local, whereas traditional physics relied on linear, stationary, and local models. The terms non-linear, non-stationary, and non-local refer to interactions within the brain that cannot be simplified into adding variables, constant development and learning throughout life, and long-range neural interactions for contextual understanding respectively. These complex interactions were beyond the concepts and mathematical framework available to physicists at that time, leading figures like Helmholtz to transition from psychology to solely focusing on physics.
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