Migration is Driven by Need and Technology

Migration is significantly influenced by a combination of dire circumstances such as famines, pogroms, and revolutions, alongside advancements in technology like steamships and transportation systems. Historical events, such as famines in Italy and Ireland and political unrest in Europe, pushed people to seek better opportunities elsewhere. The introduction of steamships drastically reduced travel time and cost, enabling increased circular and seasonal migration, illustrated by Italians moving to Latin America and North America for agricultural work. Additionally, technological innovations allowed for urban concentration by facilitating food preservation and transportation. Thus, while technology has played a crucial role in enabling migration and urbanization, the primary drivers have often been economic hardship, conflict, and various social pressures.