• Technology waves have different subsets of value that are captured by incumbents and startups.
  • For example, the first internet wave was dominated by startups, while the second internet wave was dominated by incumbents.
  • Mobile was dominated by incumbents, while crypto was dominated by startups.
  • Language models are likely to be dominated by incumbents in the future, as they have been in the past.
  • There are few interesting companies in each market, so it is important to identify the index companies for each wave.

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