The upgrade to understanding state interests involves recognizing the influence of political factions on foreign policy decisions. It's essential to acknowledge that countries are not represented by a single individual, but by various factions with competing interests. This deeper realism in political order extends to democratic systems where not all mechanisms and factions determining foreign policy are inherently democratic. Kissinger's analysis emphasizes the importance of elites in creating world order, highlighting the necessity for elites of different countries to operate within a similar system, with shared interests and understandings.

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