In the 90s, there had been a number of international conflicts such as Rwanda and Kosovo. Islamist groups, but also Shia in general, again, trying to bring down the dictator. And he meets that, Saddam meets that in a very harsh way as well. He effectively reasserted his coercive apparatus. The famous Muhabarat was strong and they were able to silence dissent. They grew increasingly paranoid throughout these periods when you start having these different uprisings that emerge.

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