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The Idea of Mind and Matter in Spinoza
Spinoza, considered an atheist, believed that everything in the universe is one substance with different aspects. This idea was later echoed by William James and Russell, who identified as neutral monists. They believed that there is only one kind of stuff in the universe, with both physical and mentalistic descriptions. This challenged the dualistic view and the issue of interaction between mind and matter. Like Spinoza, they sought a unified perspective on reality.