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Fuel Choices Shape Missile Futures
Russia's capabilities in developing liquid fuel ICBMs have significantly diminished since the Soviet era, primarily due to the relocation of design expertise and production facilities to Ukraine, where most personnel have either passed away or retired. Although Russia can produce liquid fuel missiles for its submarine launched ballistic missiles, its experience and infrastructure for ICBMs are lacking. The challenges in missile development stem from the choice of fuel type rather than a complete absence of skilled personnel or production capacity.