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The Energetic Aspect of Timing of Eating and Weight Management
Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) comprises resting metabolic rate (RMR), physical activity thermogenesis (PAT), and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF). RMR accounts for 60-70% of TDEE, while TEF contributes around 10%, and PAT varies significantly based on individual activity levels. All components of TDEE can be affected by energy intake, where RMR adjusts with changes in body mass, and PAT varies according to individual size and composition. Reduced energy intake can lead to a decrease in non-exercise activity thermogenesis. TEF is vital as it represents the energy expenditure resulting from digestion and nutrient utilization, significantly impacted by diet composition. Diets high in protein increase the magnitude of TEF, which can vary between 5-10% of total energy expenditure, establishing a macronutrient hierarchy where protein yields the highest thermogenic effect, followed by carbohydrates and fats. Understanding these dynamics helps in weight management strategies, emphasizing the importance of meal timing and composition.