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Mastery of Strategic Surprise
Strategic surprise is a crucial element in conflict, demonstrated by Alexander's ability to move rapidly from crisis to crisis and catch enemies off guard. His approach pressured opponents into mistakes, forcing them to react rather than act. This differs from tactical surprise; though Alexander employed unexpected attacks, his primary strategy revolved around timing and the psychological edge it provided. His surprise maneuvers, such as crossing the Danube at night and attacking camps at dawn, illustrate the effectiveness of preparation and the element of surprise in battlefield strategy.