Periods of economic uncertainty are not new; however, the current challenges stem from the collapse of welfare states that were previously sustained by growing populations. The fiscal realities reveal significant budget deficits occurring at the peak of economic cycles, indicating that welfare systems are becoming unsustainable. The underlying financial instability, manifesting in failing public health and education systems, raises concerns about the future functionality of welfare systems across Western nations. While there is a clear mathematical portrayal of these issues, the true uncertainty lies in how these dynamics will unfold, as the welfare systems may not collapse simultaneously or in the same ways.

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