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Decentralized Organization in Biological Systems
Biological systems such as social amoeba and bees exhibit decentralized organization in their behaviors. Social amoeba aggregate into spores in harsh conditions through chemical signaling and following simple rules of chemical gradients, similar to bees that aggregate into blobs in response to pheromones and airflow direction. Unlike social amoebas, bees have the capability to control the direction of chemical transmission through the fanning of their wings. This decentralized organization without a central controller is a key aspect of both systems, as the queen in the bee colony is not the organizer of the behavior around herself.