Doubt, if tempered with optimism and curiosity, can encourage dialogue and exploration. It offers more opportunity for the changing of minds. If nothing else, doubt will help us follow one of the most rudimentary rules taught to us: look before we leap. Doubt can inhibit rash behavior. That’s important because despite our relatively advanced intellects, we can be spectacularly stupid. Also for the show notes: For the philosophers out there, Hugh recommends Hume’s The Natural History of Religion (1757) and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779) for some early empirical support of doubt.

Felix Adler who founded Ethical Culture warned about the certainty of religious fanatics. Certainty can lead people to condemn heretics and burn witches in the fires of fanaticism. Crusades, inquisitions, and jihads have slaughtered men, women, and children. Some true believers are eager to kill each other to prove a point. That’s why Adler founded a movement based not on competing metaphysics, but on ethical cooperation. Atheists can be certain too, but usually they don't kill because of it.

There are lots of psychological reasons for why so many of us believe in ghosts: they thrill, they sell books, movies, and ghost tours, they can give us a sense of control over death, and they can connect us to those we’ve lost. But as a humanist, I’ll work to help the need for ghosts fade away by offering a way to satisfy the deep yearning for human connection with those dead and gone. I'll promote remembering the best in the lives of others and trying to live as they did. Perhaps we’d feel less haunted if we more effectively manifest in our lives and in our actions the ideals of the dead we most admire. Some sources used: — Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife, Mary Roach — The Ghost Story Persists in American Literature. Why? by Parul Sehgal - Oct. 22, 2018 FROM: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/22/books/review/ghost-stories.html — “Ghosts in the Ancient World”, Joshua J. Mark, founder of World History Encyclopedia FROM: https://www.worldhistory.org/ghost/

NOTE: Join me live at 11AM this Sunday at the Philadelphia Ethical Society or on Zoom at this link to hear more reflections about Stoicism and peace. Those living in or near Philadelphia can also learn more about Stoicism by checking out Philadelphia Stoa, a lively philosophical group meeting at the Ethical Society. Their website is https://philadelphiastoa.org/. And wherever you are, I recommend A Handbook for New Stoics written by Massimo Pigliucci and Gregory Lopez. May your week be full of serenity! -- In honor of the United Nations International Day of Peace, Hugh Taft-Morales explores how the philosophy of Stoicism can help us build peace from the inside out. It can help us nurture peace within by contemplating the "big picture" and by understanding what we can control and what we cannot. Stoicism can help us manage the relationships between our thoughts, emotions, and behavior. This can lead to greater equanimity and more effective peacebuilding in the world.

Like all human institutions, organized labor is not perfect. But I believe that no other movement has done more to uplift average people and offer hope for a fairer society. We need it revived today more than ever. Right now 40 million Americans suffer from poverty and the gap between the richest and poorest citizens continues to grow. As we approach Labor Day, I suggest that we improve our nation by celebrating and supporting the role of working women, both historically and for our future.

I want to explore what we can learn about personal heartbreak that can help us heal as a nation. I try to keep my eyes and heart open, but I struggle. It’s not easy to be both aware and empathetic when so many in the world suffer. It breaks my heart. And it’s not always easy to get over heartbreak. It can be on-going, as if parts of your heart break every day. Florence Williams in Heartbreak: A Personal and Scientific Journey writes, “heartbreak is not a condition to be bandaged and cured. It is more like a bruise in the brain. It never really disappears.” But there are ways to heal sufficiently so that the joy of life and the harmony of our nation can be revived.

Politicians from both major parties and with a wide variety of political perspectives often seem more interested in power than character. In the case of too many male politicians, this manifests in misogyny and sexism. Bill Clinton and Donald Trump were criticized for callous attitudes and behavior toward women. And yet, in the wake of the "Me Too" movement, outrage over this seems to have subsided. Have we become inured to politicians who we hand over power but would not want as role models for our children?

Discussing the evolution of patriotism from a simple love of one's homeland to a more nationalistic and militarized form. Emphasizing the importance of a compassionate and inclusive patriotism that values civil liberties and equality. Exploring the essence of true patriotism through selfless dedication, empathy, justice, and community support.

The podcast delves into the stages of moral reasoning, from societal expectations to intrinsic motivators. It explores the evolutionary aspect of cooperation as a key survival trait and discusses the various reasons why people engage in acts of kindness, including psychological, evolutionary, and biochemical explanations.

This podcast delves into the importance of empathy in understanding and transforming adversaries, highlighting how figures like Gandhi and Martin Luther King utilized empathy to foster better relationships. It also explores self-reflection, personal growth, and learning from adversaries to enhance self-awareness.