

Restitutio
Sean P Finnegan
Restitutio is a Christian theology podcast designed to get you thinking about biblical theology, church history, and apologetics in an effort to recover the original Christian faith of Jesus and the apostles apart from all of the later traditions that settled on it like so much sediment, obscuring and mutating primitive Christianity into dogma and ritual. Pastor Sean Finnegan, the host of Restitutio, holds to a Berean approach to truth: that everyone should have an open mind, but check everything against the bible to see how it measures up. If you are looking for biblical unitarian resources, information about the kingdom of God, or teachings about conditional immortality, Restitutio is the Christian podcast for you!
Episodes
Mentioned books

Mar 29, 2024 • 49min
541 Read the Bible for Yourself 8: How to Read the Psalms
This is part 8 of the Read the Bible For Yourself.
The Book of Psalms is an eclectic collection of poetry that you can use to connect to God. In today's episode you'll learn about the different kinds of psalms, who wrote them, and how Hebrew poetry works. The goal, as always, is to equip you to read and understand on your own. Whether you've been reading the Psalms for years or are brand new to them, this episode should empower you to get more out of them than ever before. Also, I conclude by recommending a method of reading, called Lectio Divina, which you can use to meditate on the Psalms.
Listen to this episode on Spotify or Apple Podcasts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2lJMxFR7n4
—— Links ——
Check out All 150 Psalms Categorized
See other episodes in Read the Bible For Yourself
Other classes are available here, including How We Got the Bible, which explores the manuscript transmission and translation of the Bible
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
—— Notes ——
Basic Facts
Phenomenal for devotional reading, emotional connection
150 total psalms
Called psalms, not chapters (Psalm 50:4 not Psalms 50:4)
Authors: David (73), Asaph (12), Sons of Korah (11), Heman the Ezrahite (1), Ethan the Ezrahite (1), Moses (1), Solomon (2), Anonymous (49)
Book 1: 1-41
Book 2: 42-72
Book 3: 73-89
Book 4: 90-106
Book 5: 107-150
David reassigned the Levites to develop a music ministry to worship God (1 Chron 16:4-6, 41-42).
Chesed
כִּי לְעוֹלָם חַסְדּוֹ (1 Chron 16:41) for his chesed (is) forever.
הוֹדוּ לַיהוָה כִּי־טוּב כִּי לְעוֹלָם חַסְדּוֹ (Ps 118:1) O give thanks to Yahweh for (he is) good for his chesed (is) forever.
chesed is an extremely important word in the Psalms.
“EVV [English versions] translate chesed by expressions such as ‘steadfast love’ and ‘constant love.’ It is sometimes described as covenant love, though in the OT it rarely appears in the company of the word ‘covenant.’ It is used in two connections: when someone makes an act of commitment for which there is no reason in terms of prior relationship, and when someone keeps their commitment when they might be ex

Mar 22, 2024 • 1h 36min
540 Dustin Smith’s Take on the Tuggy-White Debate
As the dust continues to settle from last week's debate between Dale Tuggy and James White, reviewers are coalescing on a rather exciting conclusion. Tuggy handedly won the debate! Rumor has it that James White has even requested a rematch! We'll have to wait and see if anything happens on that front, but requesting a rematch is not something the winner typically does.
In today's episode, I bring on Dr. Dustin Smith of the biblical unitarian podcast to respond to James White's arguments, not only in his opening statement, but also in his rebuttal, cross-examination time, and conclusion. Yes, he introduced new arguments in every single phase of the debate. One wonders why he didn't respond to any of Tuggy's arguments. Let's see what Dustin Smith has to say.
Listen to this episode on Spotify or Apple Podcasts
—— Links ——
Watch the original debate between Dale Tuggy and James White
Check out Dale Tuggy's review of the debate
See Sean Finnegan's paper and video presentation "The Deity of Christ from a Greco-Roman Perspective"
See the video responses of Dustin Smith on Hebrews 1.10-12, Sean Finnegan on 1 Peter 3.15, Jerry Wierwille on Philippians 2.6-11, and William Barlow on John 12.41
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here

4 snips
Mar 14, 2024 • 1h 5min
539 Dale Tuggy’s Thoughts on the James White Debate: Is Jesus Yahweh?
We're taking a break this week from our class on Reading the Bible for Yourself. By the way, did you know that there's a separate podcast just for classes without any interruptions like this? You can find it if you search your podcast app for Restitutio Classes. Anyhow, I had an opportunity to speak with Dr. Dale Tuggy about his recent debate with Dr. James White and wanted to share that conversation with you now rather than waiting until the end of this class.
On March 9, 2024 in Houston Texas at the First Lutheran Church, Dale Tuggy debated James White on the question, "Is Jesus Yahweh?" White affirmed and Tuggy denied. Just to give you a little background on these two scholars, James White is a professor of Apologetics at Grace Bible Theological Seminary and has a bachelors from Grand Canyon University, a masters from Fuller Theological Seminary, and a doctorate of ministry from Columbia Evangelical Seminary. He has participated in over 180 public moderated debates and has written the book The Forgotten Trinity in which he presented his case that the Trinity is biblical. Dale Tuggy is an Analytic Theologian who has a bachelors from BIOLA, a masters from Claremont School of Theology, and a Ph.D. from Brown University. He's the chair of the Unitarian Christian Alliance and the author of What Is the Trinity?, which explains the major Trinity theories and the problems each faces. In what follows, I ask Tuggy how he thought the debate went.
Listen to this episode on Spotify or Apple Podcasts
The debate lasted over two hours and is accessible on YouTube. The format of the debate was as follows:
Opening Statement (25 min each)
Rebuttal (10 min each)
Cross Examination (10 min each)
Concluding Statement (5 min each)
Audience Questions (20 min total)
Here's the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ky2SaHscSIo
—— Links ——
More interviews with Dale Tuggy here
Visit Tuggy's website at trinities.org
Check out his books on Amazon, especially

Mar 8, 2024 • 38min
538 Read the Bible for Yourself 7: How to Read Wisdom Literature
This is part 7 of the Read the Bible For Yourself.
The Bible contains a treasure trove of wisdom literature that can help you navigate the ups and downs of life. Today you'll learn how to read and understand the books of Proverbs, Song of Songs, Job, and Ecclesiastes. Proverbs and Song of Songs teach us how to handle ourselves when the world is working the way it should while Job and Ecclesiastes address how to think and live when chaos strikes. Taken together these four books offer a full-orbed perspective on practical wisdom that you can incorporate into your life.
Listen to this episode on Spotify or Apple Podcasts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MZCAxSSNzU
—— Links ——
See other episodes in Read the Bible For Yourself
Other classes are available here, including How We Got the Bible, which explores the manuscript transmission and translation of the Bible
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
—— Notes ——
Proverbs
“[Proverbs] should not be read as promises but as guidelines, as principles for living. They show the way life works best 80 to 95 percent of the time. The Bible is clear throughout Scripture: if you live a life oriented to God, you will tend to have a good life.”[1]
Proverbs 14:7: Leave the presence of a fool, for there you do not find words of knowledge.
The Fool
Mouth of a fool brings ruin near (10:14)
Utters slander (10:18)
Doing wrong for fun (10:23)
Broadcasts folly (12:23)
No restraint, careless (14:16)
Despises parent's instruction (15:5)
Does not receive a rebuke (17:10)
Has plenty of personal opinions (18:2)
Perverse speech (19:1)
Quick to quarrel (20:3)
Devours wealth (21:20)
Despises wise words (23:9)
Vents anger (29:11)
Hasty in speech (29:20)
The Wise
Honoring your parents (1:8-9; 10:1)
Handling money well, avoiding debt (3:9-10; 22:7
Discernment between right and wrong (3:21; 10:9; 28:5)
Understanding (3:13; 4:7; 18:2)
Fidelity in marriage (5:15-19; 6:32-35)
Hard work instead of laziness (6:6-11; 15:19)
Fearing the LORD (9:10; 24:21; 31:30)
Teachability, humility (9:9; 11:2)
Controlling what you say (10:19; 21:23)
Righ

Feb 29, 2024 • 57min
537 Read the Bible for Yourself 6: How to Read the Law
This is part 6 of the Read the Bible For Yourself.
Tragically, many Christians skip over reading the Torah. They focus on the Gospels or Epistles of the New Testament. However, the first five books of the Bible contain many rich insights into God's heart and how he asked Israel to live. In fact, it's impossible to understand the rest of the Bible, or even Jesus, without first becoming familiar with the Law. This episode will provide you an overview of the Torah's instruction about holiness, sacrifice, justice, and sacred time.
Listen to this episode on Spotify or Apple Podcasts
https://youtu.be/a9wxI1TWBlE
—— Links ——
See other episodes in Read the Bible For Yourself
Check out the class New Covenant Theology to learn more about biblical covenants as well as this podcast episode on the New Covenant and this one responding to typical arguments for Torah observance today
Other classes are available here, including How We Got the Bible, which explores the manuscript transmission and translation of the Bible
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
—— Notes ——
Reading the Law takes work
Sometimes it’s just weird (Lev 11:20-23)
Sometimes it’s tedious (Ex 26:7-9)
Important to focus while reading
Eliminate distractions
Read aloud if you can
Keep track of things (underline, highlight, write notes in the margin)
The books of the Law (Torah)
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Four categories of Law
Holiness
Sacrifice
Justice
Sacred time
Sinai and the giving of the Law
God came down on the mountain and spoke audibly (Ex 19:16-21)
The people agreed to obey and then “stood at a distance” while Moses went up and received the rest of the Law (Ex 20:18-21)
Tabernacle
The 2nd half of Exodus contains meticulous instructions on how to build the tabernacle and everything that went outside and inside of it.
The tabernacle is where

Feb 22, 2024 • 52min
536 Read the Bible for Yourself 5: How to Read OT History
This is part 5 of the Read the Bible For Yourself.
Now we begin the second main part of this class on reading the Bible for yourself. We'll be breaking the Bible into major sections so I can explain how each works. To start we'll consider the first 17 books of the Bible--the books of Old Testament historical narrative. You'll learn what to look for while reading, the major events covered, the various cultural backgrounds of those periods, God's personal name, and why reading OT history is extremely valuable.
Listen to this episode on Spotify or Apple Podcasts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtvJv-NfvBU
—— Links ——
See other episodes in Read the Bible For Yourself
Other classes are available here, including How We Got the Bible, which explores the manuscript transmission and translation of the Bible
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
—— Notes ——
Old Testament history includes the following books:
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1 Samuel
2 Samuel
1 Kings
2 Kings
1 Chronicles
2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Chronology of major OT events:
Creation and Eden
Rebellions and Consequences
Abraham & Sarah & Descendants
Sojourning in Egypt
10 Plagues and Exodus
Receiving Torah at Mount Sinai
40 Years of Wandering
Entering the Promised Land
Judges
Samuel (Hinge of History)
Kings of the United Kingdom
Succession of the Northern Tribes
Assyrian Deportation of Israel
Babylonian Deportation of Judah
70 Year Exile
Return from Exile
Cultural backgrounds:
Pre-flood
Patriarchs
Egypt
Tribes (Judges 17:6)
Monarchy
Empires
Their History vs. Our History:
Real Events
Ancient Historiography
Biased but Honest
Genealogies
Etiologies
The Name of God:
God’s Name is יְהוָה
Hebrew Letters: yod hey vav hey (YHVH)
Pronounced “Yahweh”
Typically translated “the LORD”
God’s proper name (Ex 20:2-3)

Feb 15, 2024 • 1h 30min
535 Kingdom Journey Interview (Sam Tideman)
I've been putting out podcast episodes on Restitutio since 2015. I've interviewed many authors in that time. However, I've never been interviewed as an author. That changed a couple of days ago when Sam Tideman of Transfigured had me on his show to talk about my new book, Kingdom Journey.We discussed the biblical idea of God's kingdom coming to earth for well over an hour. It was an awesome chance to share about the central theme of scripture and the clear emphasis of Jesus's ministry. Although it breaks my heart that so much of Christianity still clings to heaven as their home and destiny, I'm optimistic that the word will get out about the biblical vision of a renewed world with everything wrong with it made right.
Listen to this episode on Spotify or Apple Podcasts
https://youtu.be/lsykGsETgNw?si=HAxsK7x4W02aqJNp
—— Links ——
Get your copy of Kingdom Journey today! It's available as a hardcover, paperback, and e-book.
See these other episodes with Sam Tideman
More episodes about the kingdom of God
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here

Feb 8, 2024 • 52min
534 Read the Bible for Yourself 4: How to Determine Content and Application
This is part 4 of the Read the Bible For Yourself.
Exegesis and application take work. Today you’ll learn how to grasp the content of scripture by asking the question, “What did this text mean to the original audience?” Looking for a book’s author, audience, occasion, and purpose will help you answer that question. Next, we’ll consider application and answering the question, “What does this text mean to me today?” We’ll follow Gordon Fee and Douglas Stuart’s application strategy as well as their four warnings about extended application, particulars that are not comparable, cultural relativity, and task theology.
Listen to this episode on Spotify or Apple Podcasts
—— Links ——
See other episodes in Read the Bible For Yourself
Other classes are available here, including How We Got the Bible, which explores the manuscript transmission and translation of the Bible
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
—— Notes ——
“If there was one bit of wisdom, one rule of thumb, one single skill I could impart, one useful tip I could leave that would serve you well the rest of your life, what would it be? What is the single most important practical skill I’ve ever learned as a Christian? Here it is: Never read a Bible verse. That’s right, never read a Bible verse. Instead, always read a paragraph at least.”[1]
What to Look For
Author
Audience
Occasion
Purpose
Two Tasks
Figure out what a text meant to its original audience.
Figure out what it means to you today.
Understand Then Apply
Get the author’s point before asking about application.
What’s the author’s train of thought?
Do not ask, “How does this affect my life?”
Do not ask, “How does this fit into my theology?”
Just focus on getting what the author is conveying in his own historical context.
Paragraph style Bibles help with this tremendously, whereas verse paragraphs make it hard to see what is connected to what.
Look up words and phrases that you don’t understand like a “Sabbath day’s journey”, “high places”, a “talent” or a “mina”.
In most cases, a simple internet search will provide the answer.
A paper study Bible or some apps will provide footnotes with helpful information.
Have an O

Feb 1, 2024 • 38min
533 Read the Bible for Yourself 3: How to Read the Bible in Context
This is part 3 of the Read the Bible For Yourself.
Today is the first of two episodes on how to understand and apply the Bible. One of the greatest problems facing Bible readers today is the lifted verse. It's so common to see a verse or even half a verse posted on social media or on a sign somewhere. When most people read a random verse, they impose their own modern context and background information on it. As a result, it's easy to accidentally give a scripture new meaning that the original author never intended. How can we overcome this problem? Context. Today you'll learn about the 5 major contexts that are important to keep in mind when reading the Bible.
Listen to this episode on Spotify or Apple Podcasts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2UQeDoPKHA
—— Links ——
See other episodes in Read the Bible For Yourself
Other classes are available here, including How We Got the Bible, which explores the manuscript transmission and translation of the Bible
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
—— Notes ——
Exegesis: a careful explanation of a text
synonyms: explanation, exposition, elucidation
to exegete a text is to understand it correctly so that you can explain it
Hunger for Scripture
Ask God to give you a desire to read the Bible
Two Questions
What did it mean to the original audience then?
What does it mean to you today?
Context, Context, Context
Immediate context
Canonical context
Historical context
Geographical context
Cultural context
Immediate Context
Philippians 4:13 I can do all things through him who strengthens me.
Putting this verse in context:Philippians 4:10-1410 I rejoiced in the Lord greatly that now at length you have revived your concern for me. You were indeed concerned for me, but you had no opportunity. 11 Not that I am speaking of being in need, for I have learned in whatever situation I am to be content. 12 I know how to be brought low, and I know how to abound. In any and every circumstance, I have learned the secret of facing plenty and hunger, abundance and need. 13 I can do all things through him who strengthens me. 14 Yet it was kind of you to share my trouble.
Canonical Context
Leviticus 11:4, 74 But among

Jan 25, 2024 • 46min
532 Read the Bible for Yourself 2: What You Need to Know about Your Bible
This is part 2 of the Read the Bible For Yourself.
As I endeavored to show last time, the Bible is one of a kind. It's the result of dozens of authors, working under God's inspiration to produce scrolls of text over centuries. This process resulted in sixty-six books, including histories, legal texts, poetry, prophetic oracles and much more. Today we'll spend some time just getting oriented. We'll cover which books are in the Bible, the various genres, how references work, and ways that you can access the Bible.
Listen to this episode on Spotify or Apple Podcasts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-UTTk73BX7E
—— Links ——
See other episodes in Read the Bible For Yourself
Other classes are available here, including How We Got the Bible, which explores the manuscript transmission and translation of the Bibe
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
—— Notes ——
The Bible is not a single book, but a collection or library of sixty-six books.
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1 Samuel
2 Samuel
1 Kings
2 Kings
1 Chronicles
2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song of Solomon
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Romans
1 Corinthians
2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
1 Thessalonians
2 Thessalonians
1 Timothy
2 Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews
James
1 Peter
2 Peter
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude
Revelation
The Old Testament includes 39 books, written in Hebrew and Aramaic.
History [Torah, Judges, Kings, Exilic]
Poetry [Philosophy, Songs, General Wisdom, Subversive Wisdom, Romance]
Prophecy [Pre-Exilic, Exilic, Post-Exilic]
The New Testament includes 27 books, written in Gre


