
Restitutio
Restitutio is a Christian theology podcast designed to get you thinking about biblical theology, church history, and apologetics in an effort to recover the original Christian faith of Jesus and the apostles apart from all of the later traditions that settled on it like so much sediment, obscuring and mutating primitive Christianity into dogma and ritual. Pastor Sean Finnegan, the host of Restitutio, holds to a Berean approach to truth: that everyone should have an open mind, but check everything against the bible to see how it measures up. If you are looking for biblical unitarian resources, information about the kingdom of God, or teachings about conditional immortality, Restitutio is the Christian podcast for you!
Latest episodes

Jun 6, 2025 • 1h 36min
603. Did Jesus Really Receive Divine Honors? (Brandon Duke)
Today we’re shifting gears. We’ve had an eighteen-episode class delving into biblical and contextual study of 1 Corinthians. Then last time we had an interview with someone struggling with mental health. For the next several weeks we’re going deep into Christology. This is going to be a five-part series of interviews with Brandon Duke reviewing an important book that came out last November defending the deity of Christ from a trinitarian perspective. In what follows Brandon and I discuss the arguments they make and respond to them.
Our hope is that this series will (1) build your confidence in your biblical unitarian faith, (2) train you to see the flaws in their approach, and (3) equip you with responses to these types of arguments. Together Brandon and I offer two complimentary lenses through which to analyze and respond. Whereas Brandon is well versed in analytic theology and the philosophical approach, I’m more specialized in the exegesis of biblical texts in their original languages and historical context. Together I think we make a great team to guide you through this journey.
Today’s episode is about divine honors. Did Jesus receive honors only appropriate for God? If so, does that imply that he just is God? Listen in to find out.
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—— Links ——
Dale Tuggy’s Stanford Encyclopedia Article on the Trinity. Here’s a link to the subsection on Positive Mysterianism
Here’s the link to the Chalcedonian Creed from CARM.
Learn more about apophatic theology here
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on X @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
Get Finnegan’s book, Kingdom Journey to learn about God’s kingdom coming on earth as well as the story of how Christianity lost this pearl of great price.
Get the transcript of this episode
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.

May 30, 2025 • 1h 31min
602. Abused, Kidnapped, and Suicidal—Finding Hope After a Lifetime of Trauma (Sheila Kalpakidis)
Suicide is such a sad part of our world today. The latest stats from the CDC indicate someone dies of suicide every eleven minutes in the United States. 30 times more people attempt suicide than die from it annually. And a staggering 12.8 million seriously think about it. Sheila is one of these people who has attempted it and seriously thinks about it from time to time. But, here’s the thing, she doesn’t want to. She’s not trying to attract attention or crying for help. She’s broken from an abusive childhood, bad relationships with men, and a conman who kidnapped her.
Now in her sixties, Sheila continues to attend church regularly and find relief from suicidality through an interconnected network that includes reading the scriptures and prayer, pastoral care, psychiatrists, psychologists, loving family and friends, and occasional trips to the psych ward when nothing is working.
By hearing her tragic and larger-than-life story, you’ll not only gain important insights into this terrible affliction, but you’ll grow in compassion for those living with suicidality. Sheila is a member of my church and I have worked with her off and on for twenty years and I’m happy to say, she’s a fighter whose tenacity I find inspiring and hope you will too.
Listen on Spotify
Listen on Apple Podcasts
—— Links ——
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on X @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
Get Finnegan’s book, Kingdom Journey to learn about God’s kingdom coming on earth as well as the story of how Christianity lost this pearl of great price.
Get the transcript of this episode
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.

May 22, 2025 • 1h 9min
601. 1 Corinthians in Context 18: Concluding Thoughts
We’ll begin by reviewing what we’ve covered in this class before asking the question, “What happened after Paul sent 1 Corinthians?” Did the church receive his instruction? Did they reject it? How does 2 Corinthians fit in? We’ll take a look at the timeline to understand Paul’s three visits to Corinth and the three epistles he wrote them: 1 Corinthians, the severe letter (now lost), and 2 Corinthians. Then we’ll move through time to see how the church at Corinth continued to develop over the next one hundred years. Lastly, I’ll share some insights I’ve gained as I’ve come to appreciate Paul’s words in 1 Corinthians even more after studying this text so diligently. I hope you will enjoy this final episode of 1 Corinthians in Context.
Scriptures covered: 1 Cor 1:10-11; 5:1, 11; 6:1-2, 12, 18; 7:1, 10-11; 8:1; 10:19-20; 11:4-5, 17, 33-34; 12:1; 14:12; 15:12-13; 16:1-2
Listen on Spotify
Listen on Apple Podcasts
—— Links ——
See all the episodes in this class: 1 Corinthians in Context
Check out Sean’s other classes here
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
Get Finnegan’s book, Kingdom Journey to learn about God’s kingdom coming on earth as well as the story of how Christianity lost this pearl of great price.

May 16, 2025 • 1h 8min
600. 1 Corinthians in Context 17: Eschatology and the Afterlife
We’ll begin by surveying what 1 Corinthians tells us about the end times. Then we’ll consider why Paul spent so much time in chapter fifteen making a case for the resurrection of the saints when Christ returns. By examining tomb inscriptions and literary sources you’ll learn about the four major options for the afterlife in the Greco-Roman world: (1) non-existence, (2) ascension to the stars, (3) the Hades myth, and (4) reincarnation. My hope is you’ll come to see how radical and fresh the Judaeo-Christian idea of resurrection was to the people of Corinth and understand why Paul felt the need to expend so much effort convincing them of it.
Scriptures covered: 1 Corinthians 1:7-8; 3:12-13; 4:5; 5:5; 6:2-3, 9-10, 14; 11:26; 15:3-8, 12-14, 20-28, 35, 58; 16:22
Listen on Spotify
Listen on Apple Podcasts
—— Links ——
See all the episodes in this class: 1 Corinthians in Context
Check out Sean’s other classes here
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
Get Finnegan’s book, Kingdom Journey to learn about God’s kingdom coming on earth as well as the story of how Christianity lost this pearl of great price.

May 9, 2025 • 1h 4min
599. 1 Corinthians in Context 16: Love and Edification in the Assembly
Today we’re going to look at chapters 12, 13, and 14 of 1 Corinthians as a unit. We’ll see that the body analogy in 12, the love poem in 13, and the repeated concern for upbuilding in 14 are all slightly different angles of approach to the same goal. When the Corinthian Christians were getting together to worship, it was chaos. People were talking over each other, eager to manifest the holy spirit. Rather than telling them to cease from divine speech in the assembly, Paul instead focused their attention on the priority for being considerate of one another. Actually, he was way more radical than that, but I don’t want to give everything away in this little intro. You’ll just have to keep listening if you want to know more.
Scriptures covered: 1 Corinthians 12:12-29; 13:1-13; 14:1-40
Listen on Spotify
Listen on Apple Podcasts
—— Links ——
See all the episodes in this class: 1 Corinthians in Context
Check out Sean’s other classes here
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
Get Finnegan’s book, Kingdom Journey to learn about God’s kingdom coming on earth as well as the story of how Christianity lost this pearl of great price.

May 2, 2025 • 1h 9min
598 1 Corinthians in Context 15: Speaking in Tongues
Last time we looked at how Greco-Roman people talked about inspired speech. Today we turn to 1 Corinthians and the book of Acts to focus on speaking in tongues. We’ll consider the idea that tongues are angelic languages, how tongues relates to prayer, and how tongues differs from ecstatic speech. Lastly, we’ll dip our toes into the debate over whether tongues ceased with the apostles or not. Whether you personally speak in tongues or not, I think you’ll find the information in this episode helpful.
Scriptures covered: 1 Corinthians 12:7, 10; 13:1, 8-12; 14:2, 4, 6, 11, 13-19, 27-28; Acts 2:1-11; 10:44-46; 11:15-17; 19:6-7
Listen on Spotify
Listen on Apple Podcasts
—— Links ——
See all the episodes in this class: 1 Corinthians in Context
Check out Sean’s other classes here
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
Get Finnegan’s book, Kingdom Journey to learn about God’s kingdom coming on earth as well as the story of how Christianity lost this pearl of great price.

Apr 26, 2025 • 1h 12min
597 1 Corinthians in Context 14: Inspiration and Divine Speech
This episode is a deep dive into the world of prophetic utterances, frenzied manifestations, divine possession, and all other sorts of inspired speech that I could find in Greco-Roman literature. Honestly, I wasn’t thinking I would find much. I was wrong. This episode is probably the longest of the entire 1 Corinthians in Context class. Still, I wanted to keep it as one episode so you get the full survey of what kinds of divine speech ancient Mediterranean people knew about. Then, after going through all the data, we turn our attention to 1 Corinthians 12-14 to see how Christian spiritual experiences differed. My hope is that this background information will make this section of 1 Corinthians come alive for you.
Scriptures covered: 1 Corinthians 12:4-11; 13:1-2; 14:2-4, 27-33
Listen on Spotify
Listen on Apple Podcasts
—— Links ——
See all the episodes in this class: 1 Corinthians in Context
Check out Sean’s other classes here
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
Get Finnegan’s book, Kingdom Journey to learn about God’s kingdom coming on earth as well as the story of how Christianity lost this pearl of great price.

Apr 21, 2025 • 51min
596 1 Corinthians in Context 13: Communion
So much was going on at the communion meal in Corinth. Some people were overdoing it, even getting drunk, while others went hungry. In order to better understand Paul’s instructions in 1 Corinthians 11, we’ll take some time to consider how the Romans did meals. Then we’ll draw on archeological discoveries from Corinth to reconstruct what the meeting space would have been like for Christian gatherings. Lastly, we’ll see how strongly Paul rebuked their lack of unity and concern for those in need and see how he challenged them to think of the meal as a spiritual event with different rules than typical banquets.
Scriptures covered: 1 Corinthians 11:17-34
Listen on Spotify
Listen on Apple Podcasts
—— Links ——
See all the episodes in this class: 1 Corinthians in Context
Check out Sean’s other classes here
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
Get Finnegan’s book, Kingdom Journey to learn about God’s kingdom coming on earth as well as the story of how Christianity lost this pearl of great price.

Apr 12, 2025 • 56min
595 1 Corinthians in Context 12: Women
What was life like for women in the Roman empire? How did Christianity challenge cultural norms about the role of women? In today’s episode we’ll see what life was like for a range of women from wealthy single benefactors to athletes to freedwomen and slaves. We’ll focus our attention on the head-coverings passage in 1 Corinthians 11 and see why men were covering their heads and women were uncovering them. Lastly, we’ll work through the options for interpreting Paul’s instruction for women to remain silent during church services.
Scriptures Covered: 1 Corinthians 11:2-6, 10, 14-15; 14:34-36
Listen on Spotify
Listen on Apple Podcasts
—— Links ——
See all the episodes in this class: 1 Corinthians in Context
Check out Sean’s other classes here
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
Get Finnegan’s book, Kingdom Journey to learn about God’s kingdom coming on earth as well as the story of how Christianity lost this pearl of great price.

Apr 7, 2025 • 51min
594 1 Corinthians in Context 11: Money and Benefaction
1 Corinthians 9 is a fascinating chapter. Paul masterfully lays out five arguments for why ministers should be paid for their work before telling the church of Corinth that he has chosen not to make use of this right and that he never would. Why not? What was it about the situation in Corinth that made Paul leery of taking their money? In order to get at this question we’ll consider how benefaction functioned in Greco-Roman cities. We’ll also consider two significant patronesses: Junia Theodora and Phoebe of Cenchreae. My hope is that this episode will open your eyes to see how Paul deftly negotiated the issue of benefaction in his first-century context.
Scriptures Covered: 1 Corinthians 8:9-13; 9:1-27
Listen on Spotify
Listen on Apple Podcasts
—— Links ——
See all the episodes in this class: 1 Corinthians in Context
Check out Sean’s other classes here
Get the transcript of this episode
Support Restitutio by donating here
Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF
Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air
Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library.
Who is Sean Finnegan? Read his bio here
Get Finnegan’s book, Kingdom Journey to learn about God’s kingdom coming on earth as well as the story of how Christianity lost this pearl of great price.