Core EM - Emergency Medicine Podcast

This week we discuss how to aggressively resuscitate patients with DKA as well as dispelling some dogmatic teachings on the topic. https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/Podcast_Episode_60_0_Final_Cut.m4a Download Leave a Comment Tags: Cerebral Edema, DKA, Hypokalemia, Insulin, Resuscitation Show Notes Take Home Points DKA should be suspected in any patient with altered mental status and hyperglycemia. Get a VBG (ABG not necessary) to confirm the diagnosis. Hypokalemia kills in DKA. Aggresively replete potassium and consider holding insulin, which drops serum potassium, until K is greater than 3.5 The insulin bolus isn’t necessary and appears to cause more episodes of hypokalemia. Just start insulin as an infusion at 0.14 units/kg Be vigilant about cerebral edema. Any change or deterioration in mental status should prompt treatment and evaluation. Mannitol in the euvolemic, normotensive patient and 3% hypertonic saline in the hypotensive/hypovolemic patient Finally, don’t forge to always hunt down the underlying cause of the DKA. Infection and non-compliance is the most common so liberally administer broad spectrum antibiotics if you’ve got even a hint of infection brewing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9sKk4JZmso Additional Reading LITFL: EBM Diabetic Ketoacidosis Core EM: DKA Core EM: Episode 13.0 – Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Case emDocs: Myths in DKA Management REBEL EM: Is There Any Benefit to an Initial Insulin Bolus in Diabetic Ketoacidosis? References Aurora S et al. Prevalence of hypokalemia in ED patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Emerg Med 2012; 30: 481-4. PMID: 21316179 Boyd JC et al. Relationship of potassium and magnesium concentrations in serum to cardiac arrhythmias. Clin Chem 1984; 30(5): 754-7. PMID: 6713638 Duhon B et al. Intravenous sodium bicarbonate therapy in severely acidotic diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Pharmacother 2013; 47: 970-5. PMID: 23737516 Fagan MJ et al. Initial fluid resuscitation for patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: how dry arethey? Clin Ped 2008; 47(9): 851-6. PMID: Goyal N et al. Utility of Initial Bolus insulin in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.  J Emerg Med 2010; 38(4): 422-7. PMID: 18514472 Green SM et al.  Failure of adjunctive bicarbonate to improve outcome in severe pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis.  Ann Emergency Medicine 1998; 31: 41-48. PMID: 9437340 Kitabchi AE et al. Is a priming dose of insulin necessary in a low-dose insulin protocol for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis?  Diabetes Care. 2008;31(11):2081. PMID: 18694978 Lebovitz HE: Diabetic ketoacidosis.  Lancet 1995; 345: 767-772. PMID: 7891491 Morris LR et al.  Bicarbonate therapy in severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Intern  Med 1986;105(6):836. PMID: 3096181 Muir AB et al. Cerebral edema in childhood diabetic ketoacidosis: natural history, radiographic findings, and early identification. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(7):1541-6. PMID: 15220225 Okuda Y et al.  Counterproductive effects of sodium bicarbonate in diabetic  ketoacidosis.  J Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism 1996; 81: 314-320. PMID: 8550770 Savage MW et al.  Joint British Diabetes Societies guideline for the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabet Med. 2011 May;28(5):508-15. PMID: 21255074 Villon A et al.  Does bicarbonate therapy improve management of severe diabetic  ketoacidosis?  Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 2690-2693. PMID: 10628611 Read More

This week we discuss the recognition, diagnosis and treatment of severe decompensated hyperthyroidism or thyroid storm. https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/Podcast_Episode_59_0_Final_Cut.m4a Download Leave a Comment Tags: Thyroid Diseases, Thyroid Storm Show Notes Take Home Points Decompensated hyperthyroidism is a rare, life-threatening condition.  It can develop in patients with long-standing untreated hyperthyroidism and is often precipitated by another event such as an infection, surgery, or trauma. Patients present with tachycardia, fever, altered mental status and GI symptoms.  Keep thyroid storm in mind if a patient has a history of hyperthyroidism or if things just aren’t making sense with your patient, you can’t find a fever source, they have fever and new afib, things like that. You’re going to use a clinical scoring tool like the Burch-Wartofsky scoring system to make the diagnosis. Treatment is three-fold. First treat the peripheral effects with propranolol.  Then prevent further synthesis of thyroid hormone with PTU and corticosteroids.  And last prevent the further release of thyroid hormone with iodine.  Be sure to hold off on giving the iodine until at least 1 hour after the patient receives PTU to avoid worsening the hyperthyroid. Burch Wartofsky Scale (maryland.ccproject.com) Additional Reading ALiEM: Diagnosing hyperthyroidism: Answers to 7 common questions ALiEM: Thyroid Storm – Treatment Strategies LITFL: Thyroid Storm WikeEM: Burch and Wartofsky Diagnostic Criteria for Thyroid Storm Akamizu T et al. Diagnostic criteria, clinical features, and incidence of thyroid storm based on nationwide surveys. Thyroid 2012; 22(7): 661-79. PMC: 3387770 Read More

This week we discuss severe hyponatremia - presentation and treatment. https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/Episode_58_0_Final_Cut.m4a Download Leave a Comment Tags: Electrolytes, Hypertonic Saline, Hyponatremia Show Notes EM Cases: Podcast 60: Emergency Management of Hyponatremia References Adrogue HJ, Maidas NE. Hyponatremia. NEJM 2000; 342(21): 1581-9. PMID: 10824078 Moritz ML, Ayus JC. 100 cc 3% sodium chloride bolus: a novel treatment for hyponatremic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2010; 25: 91-6. PMID: 20221678 Read More

This week we discuss the role of phenobarbital in the management of severe alcohol withdrawal. https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/Episode_57_0_Final_Cut.m4a Download One Comment Tags: Alcohol Withdrawal, Phenobarbital, Toxicology Show Notes References Riggan MA et al. Regarding “Phenobarbital for acute alcohol withdrawal: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo controlled study.” J Emerg Med 2016; 50 (6): 895-8. PMID: 27221017 Rosenson J et al. Phenobarbital for acute alcohol withdrawal: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo controlled study. J Emerg Med 2013; 44(3): 592-8. PMID: 2299978 Read More

This week we discuss pearls from a talk from Reuben Strayer on sedation of the agitated patient focusing on patient and staff safety. https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/Episode_56_0_Final_Cut.m4a Download 3 Comments Tags: Agitation, Droperidol, Excited Delirium, Haloperidol, Lorazepam, Midazolam Show Notes EM Updates: The Ketamine Brain Continuum LITFL: Behavioral Emergencies Core EM: Parenteral Benzodiazepines References Calver L et al. The safety and effectiveness of droperidol for sedation of acute behavioral disturbance in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med 2015; 66(3): 230-8. PMID: 25890395 Read More

This week we dive into the PATCH trial investigating the role of platelet transfusions in patients with spontaneous ICH on antiplatelet meds https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/Podcast_Episode_55_0_Final_Cut.m4a Download Leave a Comment Tags: Intracerebral Hemorrhage, PATCH Trial, Platelets Show Notes Read More REBEL EM: The PATCH Trial: Hold the Platelets in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage? St. Emlyn’s: JC – Platelets for Intracranial Haemorrhage EM Lit of Note: Put the Platelets Away in ICH References Baharoglu MI et al. Platelet transfusion versus standard care after acute stroke due to spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage associated with anti platelet therapy (PAtCH): a randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2016. ePub Read More

This discussion dives deep into the vital role of airway management in emergency settings. The importance of achieving first-attempt success in intubation is revealed, along with strategies to minimize risks associated with multiple attempts. Listeners learn effective mnemonics for airway evaluation and the essence of clear communication within medical teams. Key preparations for intubation are emphasized, including pre-oxygenation techniques and readiness for complications. It's a lively exploration of how preparation and teamwork improve outcomes in critical situations.

This week we discuss a recent study published in the NEJM on low-dose tPA vs standard-dose in acute ischemic stroke. https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/Episode_53_0_Final_Cut.m4a Download Leave a Comment Tags: Alteplast, CVA, Ischemic Stroke, The ENCHANTED Trial, tPA Show Notes Read More Anderson CS et al. Low-dose versus standard-dose intravenous alteplase in acute ischemic stroke. NEJM 2016. PMID: 27161018 EMNerd: The Case of the Non-Inferior Inferiority Continues REBEL EM: The ENCHANTED Trial: Is Low-Dose the Right Dose for Intravenous tPA in Acute Ischemic Stroke? EMCrit: Podcast 116 – the tPA for Ischemic Stroke Debate EMNerd: A Secondary Examination of the Adventure of the Cardboard Box SMART EM: Thrombolytics for Acute Stroke Read More

This week we review anaphylaxis, the importance of epinephrine/adrenaline and how to use it properly. https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/Episode_52_0_Final_Cut.m4a Download One Comment Tags: Allergic Reactions, Allergy, Anaphylaxis, Epinephrine Show Notes Anaphylaxis Definition Read More Tran TP, Muelleman RL: Allergy, Hypersensitivity, Angioedema, and Anaphylaxis, in Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 8. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2010, (Ch) 119: p 1543-1560. YouTube: Epinephrine Auto-Injector Use The SGEM: #57: Should I Stay or Should I Go (Biphasic Anaphylactic Response) Core EM: Biphasic reactions in emergency department patients with allergic reactions or anaphylaxis   References Grunau BE et al. Incidence of clinically important biphasic reactions in emergency department patients with allergic reactions or anaphylaxis. Ann Emerg Med 2014; 63(6): 736-44. PMID: 24239340 Grunau BE et al. Emergency Department Corticosteroid Use for Allergy or Anaphylaxis is Not Associated with Decreased Relapses. Ann Emerge Med 2015; 66(4): 381-9. PMID: 25820033 Read More

This week we dive into a recent article on pain control in renal colic and how it affects our management. https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/Podcast_51_0_Final_Cut.m4a Download Leave a Comment Tags: Analgesia, Kidney Stones, Renal Colic, Urology Show Notes Read More Core EM: Optimal First Line Analgesia in Ureteric Colic ALiEM: Top 10 reasons NOT to order a CT scan for suspected renal colic REBEL EM: Does Use of Tamsulosin in Renal Colic Facilitate Stone Passage Core EM: Medical Expulsive Therapy (MET) in Renal Colic Wang RC. Managing Urolithiasis. Ann Emerg Med 2015 PMID: 26616536 References Pathan SA et al. Delivering safe and effective analgesia for management of renal colic in the emergency department: a double-blind, multi group, randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2016. PMID: 26993881 Read More