Bullard is often described as the first Black American fighter pilot – which is true – but he also had a full and fascinating life beyond that. This episode covers his travels before WWI and his military career.  Research: "Bullard, Eugene." Encyclopedia of World Biography, edited by Lisa Kumar, 2nd ed., vol. 37, Gale, 2017, pp. 62-64. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3656400039/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=1958ab1b. Accessed 24 Aug. 2022. Redmon, Jeremy. “The Vanishing Stories of the Bullard Brothers.” Bitter Southerner. https://bittersoutherner.com/the-vanishing-stories-of-the-bullard-brothers Svoboda, Frederic J. "Who was that black man?: a note on Eugene Bullard and 'The Sun Also Rises.'." The Hemingway Review, vol. 17, no. 2, spring 1998, pp. 105+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A20653062/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=c34545bb. Accessed 24 Aug. 2022. Hewitt, Nicholas. "Black Montmartre: American jazz and music hall in Paris in the interwar years." Journal of Romance Studies, vol. 5, no. 3, winter 2005, pp. 25+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A166694624/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=3157a090. Accessed 24 Aug. 2022. Pisano, Dominick. “Eugene J. Bullard.” National Air and Space Museum. https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/eugene-j-bullard Mandt, Brenda. “Eugene Bullard, the First African American Fighter Pilot and Veteran of Two World Wars.” Museum of Flight. 1/18/2021. https://blog.museumofflight.org/eugene-bullard-the-first-african-american-fighter-pilot-and-veteran-of-two-world-wars Brosnahan, Cori. “The Two Lives of Eugene Bullard.” PBS American Experience. 4/3/2017. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/great-war-two-lives-eugene-bullard/ Lloyd, Craig. "Eugene Bullard." New Georgia Encyclopedia, 19 November 2002, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/eugene-bullard-1895-1961/. National WWII Museum. “Eugene Bullard: Hero of Two World Wars.” 2/4/2021. Via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIKDvou2fq0 Lloyd, Craig. “Eugene Bullard: Black Expatriate in Jazz-age Paris.” University of Georgia Press. 2006. Keith, Phil and Tom Clavin. “All Blood Runs Red: The Legendary Life of Eugene Bullard – Boxer, Pilot, Soldier, Spy.” Hanover Square Press, 2019. Asukile, Thabiti. “J.A. Rogers' ‘Jazz at Home’: Afro-American Jazz in Paris During the Jazz Age.” The Black Scholar , FALL 2010, Vol. 40, No. 3. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41163931 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2012 episode from previous hosts Sarah and Deblina discusses how during Jack Johnson's time, the heavyweight championship was unofficially a whites-only title. Despite discrimination, Johnson became the first black heavyweight champion, but some questioned his legitimacy.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about the gossip surrounding two of Livinia Fontana Zappi's paintings. They also discuss the degree to which people ignored Imogene Rechtin's actual messaging about kissing when criticizing her campaign. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In the early 1900s, Imogene Rechtin started a crusade to get people to stop kissing socially as a way to stop disease spread. Her argument was sound, but she was largely dismissed as being uptight. Research: “Health Society Bars Kisses.” The Taney Country Republican (Forsyth, Missouri). June 15, 1911. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/859865029/?terms=Imogene%20Rechtin&match=1 “World’s Health Organization Waging War Against Kissing.” The Evening-Times Star and Almeda Daily Argus.” Feb 23, 1911. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/607117745/?terms=Imogene%20Rechtin&match=1 “An Assault on Kissing.” The Washington Post. Nov. 22, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/28961790/?terms=%22kiss%22&match=1 “Declares Kiss Must Go.” Herald and Review. Decatur, Illinois. Nov. 27, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/92535138/?terms=%22Declares%20Kiss%20Must%20Go%22&match=1 “Woman Doctor Says Kissing In Unseemly.” The Washington Times. Nov. 22, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/80711073/?terms=%22kissing%20unseemly%22&match=1 Patterson, Ethel Lloyd. “Kiss is Under Ban of ‘Brains’ in Quaker City.” Oakland Tribune. Nov. 30, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/76453147/?terms=%22Kiss%20is%20Under%20Ban%20of%20%27Brains%27%20in%20Quaker%20City%22&match=1 “Fight Against Kissing.” The News (Frederick Maryland). June 17, 1910. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/18372050/?terms=%22Fight%20Against%20Kissing%22&match=1 “To Kiss or Not to Kiss.” The San Francisco Call. July 31, 1910. Accessed through the National Endowment for the Humanities. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1910-07-31/ed-1/seq-16/ “Antikisser? Pshaw!” The Washington Post. June 29, 1910. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/31555929/ “MORTALITY STATISTICS:1910.” Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of the Census.” 1912. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsushistorical/mortstatbl_1910.pdf Dublin, Louis I. and Jessamine Whitney. “On the Costs of Tuberculosis.” Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association , Dec., 1920, Vol. 17, No. 132 (Dec., 1920), pp. 441-450. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2965239.pdf “Cincinnati Woman in Fight Against Kissing.” The Tribune. Aug. 10 1910. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/157436476/?terms=%22Fight%20Against%20Kissing%22&match=1 Last, John. “The Woman Who Fought to End the ‘Pernicious’ Scourge of Kissing.” Smithsonian. May 31, 2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-woman-who-campaigned-against-the-pernicious-scourge-of-kissing-180980141/ Tesh, Sylvia. “POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.” International Journal of Health Services, vol. 12, no. 2, 1982, pp. 321–42. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/45130380 Baldwin, Peter C. “Dangers that Lurk in a Kiss: Quarantining the American Mouth, 1890–1920.”  Journal of Social History. Volume 55, Issue 3, Spring 2022, Pages 647–667. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shab014 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Lavinia Fontana was taught painting by her father, and became one of the earliest examples of a woman with an independent career in art that supported her family. She became very well-known for her portraits and her devotional art.  Research: Bohn, Babette. “Women Artists, Their Patrons, and Their Publics in Early Modern Bologna.” Pennsylvania State University Press. 2021. Villa, Angelica. “National Gallery of Victoria Acquires Lavinia Fontana Painting to Address ‘Gender Imbalance.’” ARTnews. Feb. 8, 2022. https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/national-gallery-of-victoria-lavinia-fontana-acquisition-1234618453/ National Gallery of Ireland. “Part 1: Introducing the Lavinia Fontana Conservation and Research Project.” Aug. 22, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_N0nv40TzEk National Gallery of Ireland. “Conservation treatment of Lavinia Fontana's painting.” https://www.nationalgallery.ie/explore-and-learn/conservation-and-research-projects/lavinia-fontana-conservation-and-research-0 Casoni, Felice Antonio. “Medal.” The British Museum. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_G3-IP-370 Lupi, Livia. “This Day in History: August 11.” Italian Art Society. August 11, 2016. https://www.italianartsociety.org/2016/08/lavinia-fontana-died-on-11-august-1614-in-rome/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Lavinia Fontana". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lavinia-Fontana Sanchez, Francisco Del Rio. “Where did the Queen of Sheba rule—Arabia or Africa?” National Geographic. June 7, 2021. https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2021/06/where-did-the-queen-of-sheba-rule-arabia-or-africa McIver, Katherine A. “Renaissance Women Painting Themselves.” Art Herstory. June 8, 2019. https://artherstory.net/self-portraits-by-renaissance-women-artists/ Murphy, Caroline P. “Lavinia Fontana and ‘Le Dame Della Città’: Understanding Female Artistic Patronage in Late Sixteenth-Century Bologna.” Renaissance Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, 1996, pp. 190–208. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24412268 “Mannerism.” National Gallery of Art. https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/mannerism.html See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2011 episode from prior hosts Sarah and Deblina covers polio, a threat in the early 20th century that often left victims paralyzed or dead. Vaccines caused an immediate drop in polio cases and today have nearly eradicated the disease. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly talk about school science fairs and their performance in them. They then discuss the interesting aspect of Field of Cloth of Gold preparations that put people from England and France side by side as they worked.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Field of Cloth of Gold was a summit and celebration that was held to start what was hoped to be a long-term alliance between France and England. And it required a lot of fancy footwork to keep two monarchs appeased.  Research: Richardson, Glenn. “The Field of Cloth of Gold.” Yale University Press. 2020. “Henry VIII’s foot combat armour.” Royal Armouries. https://royalarmouries.org/stories/object-of-the-month/object-of-the-month-for-april-henry-viiis-foot-combat-armour/ Solly, Meilan. “When Henry VIII and Francis I Spent $19 Million on an 18-Day Party.” Smithsonian. June 23, 2020. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/five-hundred-years-ago-henry-viii-and-francis-i-spent-19-million-18-day-party-180975116/ “The Field of Cloth of Gold.” Historic Royal Palaces. https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/the-field-of-cloth-of-gold/#gs.9xj1t7 Lay, Paul. “Wolsey’s Own Accord.” History Today. Volume 68, Issue 10. October 2018. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/editor/wolsey%E2%80%99s-own-accord Watts, Karen. “Tournaments at the Court of King Henry VIII.” From “Henry VIII in Twenty-First Century Popular Culture.” Lexington Books. 2017. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The development of penicillin started – but definitely did not end – with the chance discovery of some mold in a petri dish. There is so much more to the story. Research: Bernard, Diane. “How a miracle drug changed the fight against infection during World War II.” Washington Post. 7/11/2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/07/11/penicillin-coronavirus-florey-wwii-infection/ British Library. “Inventor(s) of the month, Alexander Fleming and the story of Penicillin.” 7/28/2021. https://blogs.bl.uk/business/2021/07/inventors-of-the-month-alexander-fleming.html Chain, E. et al. “Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic Agent.” The Lancet. Vol. 236, Issue 6104. 8/24/1940. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)08728-1 Fleming A. On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium, with Special Reference to their Use in the Isolation of B. influenzæ. Br J Exp Pathol. 1929 Jun;10(3):226–36. PMCID: PMC2048009. Gaynes, Robert. “The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use.” Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 May; 23(5): 849–853.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5403050/ Lee, Victoria. “Microbial Transformations.” Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences, SEPTEMBER 2018, Vol. 48, No. 4. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26507225 National Museums of Scotland. “Culture Vessel.” https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/science-and-technology/culture-vessel/ Quinn, Roswell. “Rethinking Antibiotic Research and Development: World War II and the Penicillin Collaborative.” American Journal of Public Health | March 2013, Vol 103, No. 3. Scibilia, Anthony Julius. “Being Prometheus in 1943:: Bringing Penicillin to the Working Man.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies , Vol. 80, No. 3 (Summer 2013). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/pennhistory.80.3.0442 Science History. “Alexander Fleming.” 12/5/2017. https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/alexander-fleming Science Museum. “How Was Penicillin Developed?” 2/23/2021. https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/how-was-penicillin-developed Shama, Gilbert. “’Déjà Vu’ – The Recycling of Penicillin in Post-liberation Paris.” Pharmacy in History , 2013, Vol. 55, No. 1 (2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23645718 The Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum, London, UK. “The Discovery and Development of Penicillin 1928-1945.” 11/19/1999. https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin/the-discovery-and-development-of-penicillin-commemorative-booklet.pdf Wainwright, Milton. “Moulds in Folk Medicine.” Folklore , 1989, Vol. 100, No. 2 (1989). https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260294 Wainwright, Milton. “The History of the Therapeutic Use of Crude Penicillin.” Medical History, 1987, 31: 41-50. Williams KJ. The introduction of 'chemotherapy' using arsphenamine - the first magic bullet. J R Soc Med. 2009 Aug;102(8):343-8. doi: 10.1258/jrsm.2009.09k036. PMID: 19679737; PMCID: PMC2726818. Wood, Jonathan. “Penicillin: The Oxford Story.” Oxford News Blog. 7/16/2010. https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/science-blog/penicillin-oxford-story Zaffiri, Lorenzo et al. “History of Antibiotics. From Salvarsan to Cephalosporins.” Journal of Investigative Surgery, 25, 67–77, 2012.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The subject of this 2018 episode is sometimes called a 19th-century Rosa Parks. When Elizabeth boarded a Manhattan streetcar in 1854, a chain of events began which became an important to the civil rights of New York's Black citizens.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.