Caroline Sheridan Norton’s left an abusive marriage in 1835. She then turned her skill as a writer into a lobby for legislation that would enable mothers in England to get custody of their young children. Research: Reynolds, K. D. "Norton [née Sheridan], Caroline Elizabeth Sarah [other married name Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Stirling Maxwell, Lady Stirling Maxwell] (1808–1877), author and law reform campaigner." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  25. Oxford University Press. Date of access 20 Mar. 2023, <https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20339 Oliphant, Margaret, et al. “Women Novelists of Queen Victoria's Reign - A Book of Appreciations.” Ballantyne. 1897. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/36641/pg36641.txt Norton, Caroline. “A LETTER TO THE QUEEN ON LORD CHANCELLOR CRANWORTH'S MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE BILL.” Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. London. 1855. Accessed oline: https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/norton/alttq/alttq.html “NORTON, CAROLINE (1808–1877).” English Heritage. https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/caroline-norton/ Holmes, Ann Sumner. “The Double Standard in the English Divorce Laws, 1857–1923.” Law & Social Inquiry, vol. 20, no. 2, 1995, pp. 601–620., doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1995.tb01071.x. Langley, Samuel. “The Laureateship.” Daily News. May 15, 1850. https://www.newspapers.com/image/390815598/?terms=%22Caroline%20Norton%22&match=1 Abramowicz, Sarah. “English Child Custody Law, 1660-1839: The Origins of Judicial Intervention in Paternal Custody.” Columbia Law Review, vol. 99, no. 5, 1999, pp. 1344–92. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1123459 Diane, Atkinson. “The Criminal Conversation of Mrs. Norton.” London. Preface Publishing. 2012. Norton, Caroline Sheridan. “A Plain Letter to the Lord Chancellor on the Infant Custody Bill.” London. 1839. Accessed online through Indiana University: https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/vwwp/view?docId=VAB7126&chunk.id=d1e495&toc.id=&brand=vwwp;query=#docView Tomalin, Claire. “Several Strangers: Writing from Three Decades.” Viking. 1999. Forster, Margaret. “Significant Sisters: The Grassroots of Active Feminism, 1839-1939.” Vintage Books. 2004. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Caroline Norton". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Jun. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Caroline-Norton Norton, C.N. “ENGLISH LAWS FOR WOMEN IN The Nineteenth Century.” London. 1854. Accessed online through University of Pennsylvania: http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/norton/elfw/elfw.html See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2019 episode the tale of an elaborate hoax. It starts with the Scythians and how their artifacts became highly prized in 19th century Europe, and ends with an artist who came into fame as a result of his part in a forgery.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about their relationship to trees, and how humankind's understanding of climate science has changed over the years. They also talk about the continuing relevance of Jennie June's life story. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Earl Lind, Ralph Werther, and Jennie June were all pseudonyms of the same person, who wrote what are sometimes described as the first autobiographies of a transgender person ever published in the West. Research: “Lost transgender memoir from 1921 discovered by Drexel researcher” (2010, October 13) retrieved 13 March 2023 from https://phys.org/news/2010-10-lost-transgendermemoir-1921-drexel.html Book Notes. “The American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Apr., 1919).” https://www.jstor.org/stable/1414118 Ellis, Havelock. “Eonism and other supplementary studies.” F.A. Davis. 1928. Gearhardt, Nan. “Rethinking Trans History and Gay History in Early Twentieth-Century New York.” QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking , Vol. 6, No. 1 (Spring 2019). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/qed.6.1.0026 Joseph, Channing Gerard. “Who Was Jennie June?” OutHistory. 10/10/2022. https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/wwjj/wwjj2 Lind, Earl. “Autobiography of an Androgyne.” Edited by Alfred W. Herzog. The Medico-Legal Journal. 1918. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67711/pg67711-images.html Meyerowitz, Joanne. “Thinking Sex with an Androgyne.” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Volume 17, Number 1, 2011. Via Project Muse. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/409154 Peterson, Jules-Gill. “Histories of the Transgender Child.” University of Minnesota Press. 2018. Ralph Werther - Jennie June. “Boy – But Never Man.” The American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Volume 15. No. 3. March 1919. https://archive.org/details/americanjournalo1519unse/ Ralph Werther - Jennie June. “Protest from an Androgyne.” The American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Volume 15. No. 7. July 1919. https://archive.org/details/americanjournalo1519unse/ Ralph Werther - Jennie June. “The Fairie Boy (An Autobiographical Sketch).” The American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Vol. 14. No. 10. October 1918. https://archive.org/details/americanjournalo1419unse Ralph Werther - Jennie June. “The Female Impersonator.” The American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Volume 15. No. 6. June 1919. https://archive.org/details/americanjournalo1519unse/ Ralph Werther - Jennie June. “The Girl-boy’s Suicide.” The American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Vol. 14. No. 11. November 1918. https://archive.org/details/americanjournalo1419unse/ Ralph Werther - Jennie June. “The Sorrows of Jennie June.” The American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Volume 15. No. 4. April 1919. https://archive.org/details/americanjournalo1519unse/ Schroth, Peter W. et al. “Perspectives on Law and Medicine Relating to Transgender People in the United States.” The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2018, Vol. 66. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26497456 Shaheen, Aaron. “Strolling through the Slums of the Past: Ralph Werther's Love Affair with Victorian Womanhood in ‘Autobiography of an Androgyne.’” PMLA , October 2013, Vol. 128, No. 4 (October 2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23489164 Werther, Ralph. “The female-impersonators.” Edited by Alfred W. Herzog. The Medico-Legal Journal. 1922. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/70019/pg70019-images.html Werther, Ralph. “The Riddle of the Underworld.” Via OutHistory. https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earllind23/manuscript See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly is joined by John Perlin, author of "A Forest Journey: The Role of Trees in the Fate of Civilization,” to talk about the ways that human development and survival depends on the health of the planet’s forests.   See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The 2015 episode covers a volcano eruption in Sumbawa, Indonesia in 1816, that combined with several other factors to create an unusual -- and catastrophic -- series of weather events. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy dig into the role of Augustin Daly's brother in his life, including a legal battle over Augustin's will. Then they talk about roller coaster experiences and the idea of fear as entertainment.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The French word for “roller coaster” is “montagnes russes” or “Russian mountains.” Since the origin of roller coasters, inventors have been improving the early designs that came from Russia to create astonishing amusement park thrill rides. Research: “Coaster History” by Gil Chandler, from Roller Coasters. Text copyright © 1995 by Capstone Press. Reprinted by permission of Capstone Press. Photograph copyright © 1987 by Tom Maglione. Reprinted by permission of Tom Maglione. https://www.doe.mass.edu/mcas/pdf/2010/177365.pdf National Roller Coaster Museum and Archives. “History of the Roller Coaster.” 2013. https://rollercoastermuseum.org//wp-content/uploads/2017/11/History_Timeline.pdf American Experience. “A Century of Screams: The History of the Roller Coaster.” https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/coney-century-screams/ Pescovitz, David. "roller coaster". Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Feb. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/roller-coaster. Accessed 8 March 2023. Levine, Arthur. “Ups and downs: The history of roller coasters.” USA Today. 7/28/2017. https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/experience/america/theme-parks/2017/07/28/history-roller-coasters/518356001/ Lallensack, Rachel. “14 Fun Facts About Roller Coasters.” Smithsonian. 8/16/2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/14-fun-facts-about-roller-coasters-180972920/ Meares, Joel. “Catherine the Great Put Rollers on the World's First Coaster.” Wired. 12/27/2011. https://www.wired.com/2011/12/pl-prototyperollercoaster/ Liebrenz-Himes, Marilyn. “The American Amusement Park: Its Inspiration and Evolution.” Vol. 11 (2003): The Romance of Marketing History. https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/pcharm/article/view/1684 Pursell, Carroll. “Fun Factories: Inventing American Amusement Parks.” Icon , 2013, Vol. 19, Special Issue Playing with Technology: Sports and Leisure (2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23788121 Mohun, Arwen P. “Amusement Parks for the World: The Export of American Technology and Know-How, 1900-1939.” , 2013, Vol. 19, Special Issue Playing with Technology: Sports and Leisure (2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23788122 Haynes, Christine. “The Battle of the Mountains.” Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques, Winter 2018, Vol. 44, No. 3 (Winter 2018). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48581519 Yoon, Richard. “The rise and fall and rise of the amusement park.” International Theme & Amusement Park Journal Vol. 2. No. 4. (2021). Mental Floss. “The Roller Coaster's Thrilling History.” 12/16/2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHUAlzwG0r4 Canfield, Victor. “Roller Coaster History Deduced from U.S. Patents.” 1/26/2012. http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/v/a/vac3/history.html Princeton Graphic Arts Collection. “First Roller Coaster.” https://graphicarts.princeton.edu/2018/05/18/first-roller-coaster/ King, John Glen. “A Letter to the Bishop of Durham, containing some Observations on the Climate of Russia, and the Northern Countries, with a View of the Flying Mountains at Zarsko Sello, near St. Petersburg.” 1780. https://books.google.com/books?id=SB2OxgEACAAJ Louis Post Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri · Saturday, September 29, 1883 https://www.newspapers.com/image/137793104 “Roller Coasting.” Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois · Sunday, September 30, 1883 https://www.newspapers.com/image/349812486 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Augustin Daly is often described as a foundational figure of the U.S. theater. He wrote, adapted, and produced dozens of plays in the 19th century, and he created a theater company that produced many stars of the New York stage. Research: “Augustin Daly Enjoins Dixey.” New York Times. March 22, 1896. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/03/22/105744198.html?pageNumber=3 “Augustin Daly Recovers From Illness.” New Yor Times. June 6, 1899. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/06/06/118938057.html?pageNumber=7 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Augustin Daly". Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 Jul. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Augustin-Daly Powell, Wiliam S., ed. “Dictionary of North Carolina Biography.” North Carolina Press. 1979-1996. “Dramatic Copyright.” New York Times. Dec, 18, 1868. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1868/12/18/issue.html “Augustin Daly’s Victory.” New York Times. July 11, 1885. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/07/11/103630354.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Daly, Augustin. “Divorce: A Play of the Period in Five Acts.” ACTED AT THE FIFTH AVENUE THEATRE FOR THE FIRST TIME, SEPTEMBER 5th, 1871. NEW YORK: PRINTED AS MANUSCRIPT ONLY, FOR THE AUTHOR. 1884. https://archive.org/stream/divorceplayofper00daly/divorceplayofper00daly_djvu.txt Brown, Thomas Alston. “A History of the New York Stage From the First Performance in 1732 to 1901.” (Reprint) Legare Street Press. 2022. “Mr. Daly’s Opening Play.” New York Times. October 5, 1888. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1888/10/05/106197330.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 “Mr. Daly’s New Drama.” New York Times. Oct. 25, 1888. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1888/10/25/106200311.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 “Funeral of Augustin Daly.” New York Times. June 19, 1899. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/06/19/100446037.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Dithmar, Edward A. “The Career of Augustin Daly.” June 18, 1899. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/06/18/117925544.html?pageNumber=30 “Intimate Glimpses of Augustin Daly.” New York Times. October 7, 1917. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/10/07/96274408.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Jaworowski, Ken. “Review: ‘Leah, the Forsaken’ is an 1862 Drama With Modern Resonance.” New York Times. Feb. 21, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/21/theater/leah-the-forsaken-review.html Eytinge, Rose. “The Memories of Rose Eytinge: Being Recollections & Observations of Men, Women, and Events, during Half a Century.” New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1905. Daly, Joseph Francis. “Life of Augustin Daly.” Macmillan. 1927. “Augustin Daly.” New York Times. June 9, 1899. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/06/09/101231584.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers the loss of the U.S.S. Akron -- the biggest single tragedy in aviation history at the time that it happened. But unless you're an aviation or U.S. Navy history buff, you may not know much about this airborne aircraft carrier.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.