Cardionerds: A Cardiology Podcast

CardioNerd Amit Goyal is joined by Dr. Erika Hutt (Cleveland Clinic general cardiology fellow), Dr. Aldo Schenone (Brigham and Women’s advanced cardiovascular imaging fellow), and Dr. Wael Jaber (Cleveland Clinic cardiovascular imaging staff and co-founder of Cardiac Imaging Agora) to discuss nuclear and complimentary multimodality cardiovascular imaging for the evaluation of cardiac sarcoidosis. Show notes created by Dr. Hussain Khalid (University of Florida general cardiology fellow and CardioNerds Academy fellow in House Thomas). To learn more about multimodality cardiovascular imaging, check out Cardiac Imaging Agora! Cardiac sarcoidosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for patients with sarcoidosis. A high index of suspicion is needed for the diagnosis as it is often recognized late or unrecognized. It is difficult to diagnose given the focal nature of the cardiac involvement limiting the utility of biopsy and the available clinical criteria have limited diagnostic accuracy. Multimodality imaging plays a large role in the diagnosis and management of patients with cardiac sarcoidosis with the different imaging modalities offering complimentary information and functions.  Collect free CME/MOC credit just for enjoying this episode!  CardioNerds Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademyCardionerds Healy Honor Roll CardioNerds Journal ClubSubscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!Check out CardioNerds SWAG!Become a CardioNerds Patron! Quoatables “It’s not important for you to love the Soviet Union. It’s important for the Soviet Union to love you back [Stalin regarding the famous dissonant Russian poet Anna Akhmatova]. When we talk about PET, you love PET, but the PET has to love you back, and it has to love you back in a way where you have to know how to approach this test. With, first, some humility about its limitations: 1) inflammation is universal...and 2) the prep is extremely important.”  -- 11:25 “A test without a good preparation is a preparation to fail.” --15:30 “Sarcoidosis is kind of the tuberculosis that we have in medicine—it can present as anything.” --36:40 Pearls Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Cardiac MRI) and/or 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) are complimentary tests in the evaluation of cardiac sarcoidosis. Both tests look for scarring and inflammation. Cardiac MRI is a good initial test due to its high negative predictive value (i.e. absence of LGE makes cardiac sarcoidosis less likely) but not great for following a cardiac sarcoidosis patient’s response to therapy. Cardiac FDG-PET is great to follow a patient's response to therapy especially in patients with intracardiac devices such as a pacemaker. 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is a glucose analog and just like glucose, is transported into the cell by transporters. Once in the cell, it is phosphorylated, like glucose is, by hexokinase in preparation for use in glycolysis. Unlike glucose, however, it does not proceed to be metabolized any further in the glycolysis pathway and remains trapped in the cell. In the inflammatory cells within sarcoid granulomas, glycolysis is significantly increased to fuel the large energy requirement. Thus, these inflammatory cells (i.e. macrophages) can take up large amounts of FDG. When planning to obtain a cardiac FDG-PET for evaluation of cardiac sarcoidosis, patient preparation is key! There are several available dietary protocols to accomplish the goal of switching the patient’s metabolism to be reliant on fatty acids instead of glucose as an energy source. One such protocol used by the discussants in the episode is prolonged fasting (10-12 hours) prior to the study preceded by two meals that are high in fat and proteins and low in carbohydrates—a ketogenic diet. By having the patient eat this diet, we are trying to switch the metabolism because there is no ability or no offer ...

CardioNerds (Amit Goyal and Daniel Ambinder), join cardiology fellows from the University of Chicago, (Dr. Mark Belkin, Dr. Ian Hackett, and Dr. Shirlene Obuobi) for an important discussion about case of a woman presenting with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) discharges found to be in ventricular tachycardia (VT) storm and work through the differential of ventricular arrhythmias, etiologies of heart failure, and indications for permanent pacemaker and ICD placement. Advanced imaging modalities that aid in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis, manifestations and management of cardiac sarcoidosis are also discussed. Dr. Nitasha Sarswat and Dr. Amit Patel provide the E-CPR for this episode. Audio editing by CardioNerds Academy Intern, Leticia Helms. Claim free CME just for enjoying this episode! Disclosures: Dr. Amit Patel disclosed ownership of small stocks in GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences. Jump to: Case media - Case schematic & teaching - References CardioNerds Case Reports PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademyCardionerds Healy Honor Roll CardioNerds Journal ClubSubscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!Check out CardioNerds SWAG!Become a CardioNerds Patron! Case Media Click to Enlarge Episode Teaching Pearls The etiology of wide-complex tachycardias (WCT) of ventricular origin can be broken down by structurally normal versus structurally abnormal hearts. WCT in structurally normal hearts can be further broken down into idiopathic or primary arrhythmia syndromes. WCT in structurally abnormal hearts can be broken down into ischemic and non-ischemic etiologies.In patients with an unexplained non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, conduction abnormalities and/or ventricular arrhythmias should raise suspicion for cardiac sarcoidosis. Additional manifestations include atrial arrhythmias and  pulmonary hypertension.Accurate diagnosis and treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis often requires multimodality cardiovascular imaging. Check out these terrific videos from Cardiac Imaging Agora: 1) PET for inflammation/sarcoidosis and 2) Echo and CMR for sarcoidosis.While a pathological tissue diagnosis is the gold-standard, endomyocardial biopsy has a low sensitivity, weven when paired with image guidance. Remember to consider extra-cardiac sites for biopsy.Decisions regarding ablation of ventricular arrhythmia or ICD placement should be done individually with careful assessment of active inflammation secondary to cardiac sarcoidosis and possible response to immunosuppressive medications.Management of cardiac sarcoidosis has two basic principles: 1) Treat the underlying process with immunosuppression and 2) Treat the cardiac sequelae: heart failure, conduction abnormalities, ventricular arrhythmias, atrial arrhythmias, and pulmonary hypertension. Notes 1. The patient in this case was found to be in VT storm. Taking a step back, when we suspect a wide complex tachycardia (WCT) is VT, what are some etiologies we should keep in mind? Differentiating between a supraventricular vs. ventricular origin of a WCT will be a topic for a future episode! But after you have determined that the origin of WCT is ventricular, considerations for the underlying etiology should include ischemia-related, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy-associated, primary arrhythmia syndromes and idiopathic (in addition to common considerations such as medications and electrolyte abnormalities)Chronic ischemia-related WCT is typically scar-mediated, a result of re-entrant mechanism and more commonly presenting as monomorphic VT. WCT in the setting of acute ischemia is likely a result of combination increased automaticity and re-entry, typically manifesting as polymorphic VT.  In fact, acute ischemia is the most common cause of polymorphic VT, not Torsades de Pointes, and should be our first consideration. Torsades de Pointes specifically occurs due to an early afterdepolarization in a patient with an acqui...

CardioNerds Academy Chief Fellows Dr. Rick Ferraro (FIT, Johns Hopkins) and Dr. Tommy Das (FIT, Cleveland Clinic) join Academy fellow Dr. Jessie Holtzman (soon, chief resident at UCSF internal medicine residency) to learn all about LDL physiology and function from Dr. Peter Toth! Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been well established as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with an ever growing armamentarium of medications to lower LDL-C plasma levels. Yet, LDL-C also plays a number of key physiologic roles across mammalian species, such as cell membrane formation, bile acid synthesis, and steroid hormone production. In this episode, we discuss the definitions of high, normal, low, and ultra-low LDL-C, what functional assays are used to measure LDL-C, and what is considered the safe lower-limit of LDL-C, if there is one at all. Drawing upon experience from rare genetic conditions including abetalipoproteinemia and loss-of-function variants of the PCSK9 gene, we glean pearls that clarify  the risks and benefits of low LDL-C. Relevant disclosure: Dr. Toth has served as a consultant to Amarin, Amgen, Kowa, Resverlogix, and Theravance; and has served on the Speakers Bureau for Amarin, Amgen, Esperion, and Novo Nordisk. Pearls • Quotables • Notes • References • Guest Profiles • Production Team CardioNerds Lipid Series PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademyCardionerds Healy Honor Roll CardioNerds Journal ClubSubscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!Check out CardioNerds SWAG!Become a CardioNerds Patron! Pearls 1. Lipoproteins are processed via two major pathways in mammals: 1) exogenous fat metabolism that digests ingested lipids and 2) endogenous fat metabolism that synthesizes lipids in the liver and small intestine. High density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated reverse transport also brings lipids from the periphery back to the liver. 2. LDL-C comprises ~70% of plasma cholesterol due to its long half-life of 2-3 days. It is one of 5 major lipid particles in plasma including chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), LDL, and HDL. The liver degrades 40-60% of LDL, while no other tissues in the body make up more than 10% of LDL. LDL-C is energy-poor and cholesterol rich, such that peripheral tissues may not utilize these particles as a fuel source. 3. Preserved functions of LDL-C across mammalian species include cell membrane formation, bile acid synthesis, and steroid hormone production. In other mammalian species, LDL-C levels are found in the 35-50 mg/dL range (Way lower than found in the general human population, and likely more representative of baseline human physiology!). 4. Large, randomized control trials do not consistently demonstrate major adverse effects associated with lower serum LDL-C levels, including risks of cognitive decline, hemorrhagic stroke, reduced bone density, or impaired immune function. 5. Initiation of, and education on LDL-lowering therapy remains insufficient, both in terms of long-term adherence to therapy and achieving current guideline directed goals of LDL-C <70mg/dL (And even lower in specific scenarios, such as repeat cardiovascular events). Quotables "It's pretty clear that this is an area where you can make a profound difference in the lives of people. It's very clear from the clinical trials that when we initiate therapies, whether it's lifestyle, through a statin, or an antihypertensive, you impact not only the quality of life, but the quantity of life. You make life better, you make life freer of disability, and you forestall death.” “The bottom line is that LDL is spent garbage liquid and it is tantamount that the body be well-equipped to remove this LDL from the central circulation, because I will argue today that it is the single most important toxin that we produce.” “If you ask what should a normal LDL be? Well, I'll tell you right now...

CardioNerds (Amit Goyal and Daniel Ambinder) are joined by Dr. LaPrincess Brewer and Dr. Norrisa Haynes for a Narratives in Cardiology episode, with a special introduction by Dr. Sharonne Hayes. They discuss health inequities especially in communities of color, impact of projects utilizing community based participatory research (including FAITH! and SHARP founded by Dr. Brewer and Dr. Haynes respectively), and their experiences as underrepresented minority women physician-scientists. This special discussion is brought to you in collaboration with the Association of Black Cardiologists (ABC). The ABC’s mission is to “Promote the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, including Stroke, in Blacks and other Diverse Populations and to Achieve Health Equity for all through the Elimination of Disparities.” You may join and support the ABC at abcardio.org. Claim free CME just for enjoying this episode! Cardionerds Narratives in Cardiology PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademyCardionerds Healy Honor Roll Subscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!Check out CardioNerds SWAG!Become a CardioNerds Patron! Show notes for Health Equity, Community Based Participatory Research, & Underrepresented Minority Women Physician-Scientists 1. What healthcare disparities exist in communities of color? The life expectancy of black Americans on average is 3.4 years shorter than that of white Americans. CVD is estimated to explain over 32% of the mortality difference between AA and white men and 43% of the difference between AA and white women. Together these conditions contributed to > 2 million years of life lost in the AA population between 1999-2010. (1)The impact of COVID-19 on minority communities has caused disproportionate morbidity and mortality and devastating health and financial hardship. According to the CDC, black Americans are 1.9x as likely as whites to die from COVID-19. (2) Additionally, at the beginning of the pandemic, a staggering 41% of black owned businesses closed due to COVID-19 as compared to 17% of white owned businesses. (3)  2. Community engagement & Community based participatory research (CBPR) - what is it? CBPR often has a public health bend that focuses on and attempts to address social, structural and environmental inequities through active involvement of community members in all aspects of the research process (from conception to implementation). Community partners provide their unique expertise to enhance understanding of the community and facilitate implementation. (4) 3. What is FAITH!? The Fostering African American Improvement in Total Health (FAITH) program was started by the phenomenal Dr. LaPrincess Brewer. FAITH is a cardiovascular health and wellness program that uses a CBPR approach to promote heart health in the African American faith-based community.Participants in the FAITH program have shown significant improvement in heart health knowledge. Participants have also had improvement in key heart disease risk factors such as blood pressure. The FAITH app was created in collaboration with community members to achieve easy access and easy usability. It provides vital information and a community network that provides support and motivation for participants.  4. Specifics of SHARP? SHARP stands for Safe Haircuts as We Reopen Philadelphia. SHARP was started to assist local barbershops and salons implement proper COVID-19 safety practices to keep their businesses, clients, and staff safe.  In partnership with community members, a safety blueprint was created to meet CDC and Philadelphia Health Department guidelines.  Through donations from UPenn and Accenture, SHARP was able to distribute a significant number of PPE items to 30 businesses in West and Southwest Philadelphia. Additionally, due to the financial toll that the pandemic has had on small businesses, SHARP organized grant writing sessions through the Netter Center at Penn to...

CardioNerds (Amit Goyal and Daniel Ambinder), join cardiology fellows from Indiana University cardiology fellows (Dr. Asad Torabi, Dr. Michelle Morris, and Dr. Sujoy Phookan) to discuss a case of a patient who developed a nagging cough post PCI and is ultimately diagnosed with Dressler Syndrome. This case describes the work up and management of post infarct pericarditis and briefly reviews the dilemma of utilizing triple anti-thrombotic therapy with high dose aspirin in the post myocardial infarction period. Indiana University faculty and expert, Dr. Julie Clary provides the E-CPR for this episode. Claim free CME just for enjoying this episode! Disclosures: None Jump to: Patient summary - Case media - Case teaching - References CardioNerds Case Reports PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademyCardionerds Healy Honor Roll CardioNerds Journal ClubSubscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!Check out CardioNerds SWAG!Become a CardioNerds Patron! Patient Summary A 56-year-old man with recent anterior STEMI and new heart failure with reduced ejection fraction presented with fevers, persistent cough, and pleuritic chest pain following percutaneous coronary intervention for the past two weeks. He was ultimately found to have post cardiac injury syndrome - post infarct pericarditis (formerly known as Dressler syndrome) with elevated inflammatory markers, a small pericardial effusion, and incidentally noted to have an apical left ventricular thrombus. This case describes the work up and management of post infarct pericarditis and briefly reviews the dilemma of utilizing triple anti-thrombotic therapy with high dose aspirin in the post myocardial infarction period.   Case Media CXREKGClick to Enlarge Episode Teaching Pearls 1. Post cardiac injury syndrome (PCIS) following myocardial infarction can be very debilitating and recurrence is the concern when treatment is not pursued.  2. Acute pericarditis is a clinical diagnosis which does not require imaging and can have a wide spectrum on presentation ranging from fever/cough to the classic positional chest pain. 3. PCIS following myocardial infarction is less common in the post PCI era but we are starting to see more cases in late presenters. 4. We have good level of evidence to suggest the use of colchicine to reduce the recurrence of PCIS. COPPS and COPPS-2, are two such randomized placebo control trials, which show benefit in the cardiac surgical patient. 5. While triple therapy on high dose aspirin is not discussed in the 2013 ACCF/AHA STEMI guidelines, carefully assess your patient’s bleeding risk and invoke patient shared decision making whenever possible. Notes 1. What is Post-Cardiac Injury Syndrome (PCIS) and what are the clinical manifestations? PCIS is an umbrella term for specific clinical scenarios which may result in symptomatic acute pericarditis.PCIS encompasses:Post-myocardial infarction pericarditis which may be early or late (Dressler syndrome – the focus of this case)Post-pericardiotomy syndrome (PPS)Post-traumatic pericarditis including traumatic and iatrogenic (following most percutaneous procedures such as ablations, PCI, lead placement, etc). 2. How is PCIS (or post infarct pericarditis) diagnosed? This is a clinical diagnosis, made when ≥ 2 of the following are present:Fever without alternative causePericarditic or pleuritic chest painFriction rubPericardial effusionPleural effusion with elevated CRPNote this is different from the diagnostic criteria for other causes of acute pericarditis which requires 2 of the 4 following features:Pericarditic chest painFriction rubNew widespread ST-elevations or PR depressions on ECGPericardial effusion (new or worsening)Supporting findings for pericarditis include:Elevation of inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR, WBC)Pericardial inflammation on cross sectional cardiac imaging (CT, CMR) 3. What are the complications of not treating Dressl...

CardioNerds (Amit Goyal and Daniel Ambinder), Dr. Pablo Sanchez (CardioNerds Ambassador, Stanford University Medical Center), Dr. Maria Pabon (CardioNerds Ambassador, Brigham and Women’s Hospital), and Karen Malacon (Student doctor and LMSA co-chair at Stanford University Medical Center) join Dean for Students at Harvard Medical School, Dr. Fidencio Saldana, for an important discussion about Latinx representation in cardiology. We established the multifaceted benefits of diversity in healthcare, including improving access, cultural competency, and quality of care delivered. We also talked about the need to increase the number of underrepresented minority students in medicine in addition to the importance of removing barriers to improve education. By providing appropriate resources as well as early mentorship and exposure to the medical field, we can address the "leaky pipeline," or as Dr. Saldana reframed it, "the clogged pipeline.”  Then, we dove into Dr. Saldana’s experiences in medical school, the barriers he overcame, and how his parents’ hard work and generosity motivated him to become the cardiologist he is now. This event hosted the ACC Massachusetts Chapter. Stay tuned for a message by chapter Governor Dr. Malissa Wood. The PA-ACC & CardioNerds Narratives in Cardiology is a multimedia educational series jointly developed by the Pennsylvania Chapter ACC, the ACC Fellows in Training Section, and the CardioNerds Platform with the goal to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in cardiology. In this series, we host inspiring faculty and fellows from various ACC chapters to discuss their areas of expertise and their individual narratives. Join us for these captivating conversations as we celebrate our differences and share our joy for practicing cardiovascular medicine. We thank our project mentors Dr. Katie Berlacher and Dr. Nosheen Reza. Audio editing by CardioNerds Academy Intern, Dr. Gurleen Kaur. Video Version • Quotables • Notes • References • Production Team The PA-ACC & CardioNerds Narratives in Cardiology PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademyCardionerds Healy Honor Roll CardioNerds Journal ClubSubscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!Check out CardioNerds SWAG!Become a CardioNerds Patron! Video version https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpq2wVgG8mA Quotable We strive to ensure that we have a diverse set of college students and a diverse set of medical students and residents and fellows. But I think it's also just as important to ensure that we have the resources to ensure that those individuals that we've recruited and have done so hard to recruit, continue to succeed. I've realized that you can teach mentoring, you can teach advising. And I think it's important to be able to create that culture and expectation. Some people may be a little bit better at it than others, but I think it's important to place an emphasis on that at each level of training, so that you can train to be a better mentor and a better advisor. Show Notes 1. How is the LatinX representation in medicine compared to in the general population? Based on the most recent data from the US census Bureau, as of 2019, the Hispanic proportion of the US population is about 18.5%.A recent report by the AAMC showed that for the academic year 2020-21, of around 22,000 medical school matriculants, only 11% were from LatinX background, although this number was higher compared to 2017 where only 9.8% of the matriculants were of LatinX origin.   2. How does increasing workforce diversity improve quality of care? Cultural competency forms an important cornerstone of high-quality and equitable care for a diverse population, and it is learned not by lecture but by exposure, experience, and atmosphere.Medicine involves not only knowledge but meaningful connection and having a physician with a common background enhances the patient-doctor interaction by a spectrum of constructive effects.

CardioNerds (Amit Goyal and Daniel Ambinder), Cardio-OB series co-chair and University of Texas Southwestern Cardiology Fellow, Dr. Sonia Shah, and episode lead and Columbia University Cardiology Fellow Dr. Ersilia DeFilippis discuss hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) with Dr. Jennifer Lewey from the University of Pennsylvania. In this episode, we cover chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and pre-eclampsia—all of which encompass HDP and complicate approximately 5-10% of all pregnancies. We also review risk factors for HDP, diagnostic criteria, peripartum and postpartum management, and much more! Be sure to tune in to hear Dr. Lewey discuss the future impact of HDP on cardiovascular disease for women later in life and strategies that can help improve care. Finally Dr. DeFilippis shares her perspectives from her ACC.org FIT Section article titled “Shattering the Glass” including strategies to shattering the glass and tackling imposter syndrome in improving the representation of women in medicine. Audio editing by CardioNerds Academy Intern, Leticia Helms. Claim free CME for enjoying this episode! Pearls • Quotables • Notes • References • Guest Profiles • Production Team CardioNerds Cardio-Obstetrics Series PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademyCardionerds Healy Honor Roll CardioNerds Journal ClubSubscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!Check out CardioNerds SWAG!Become a CardioNerds Patron! Pearls To make a diagnosis of HDP, blood pressure should be measured on at least 2 occasions at least 4 hours apart.Hypertension diagnosed before 20 weeks gestation is considered chronic hypertension whereas hypertension after 20 weeks is categorized as gestational hypertension.Always check for warning signs for pre-eclampsia!One of the key treatments for pre-eclampsia is delivery but pre-eclampsia can occur still in the postpartum period.Aspirin use in pregnancy during second and third trimesters can reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia among women at risk. Quotables “Ideally a lot of these conditions come down to prevention and addressing potential cardio-obstetrics issues before they reach the cardio-obstetrics specialist.” “Blood pressure can continue to be elevated even after delivery.” “Pregnancy complications not only increase cardiovascular risk in the middle age population but also in the postmenopausal population.” “Women feel so relieved when they know that their care team is dedicated to taking care of women with cardiovascular disease when they are pregnant.” Show notes Why should CardionNrds learn and know about hypertensive disorders of pregnancy? Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) complicate about 5-10% of all pregnancies. HDP is a term that encompasses chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and pre-eclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Women with history of HDP are at increased risk for stroke, ischemic heart disease, and cardiovascular death later in life. It is important to include obstetric history as part of our assessment of cardiovascular risk. This obstetric history should include the number of pregnancies, history of gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, history of pre-eclampsia as well as history of pre-term birth. Following delivery, these women need close monitoring for development of chronic hypertension as well as primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. 2. How is gestational hypertension distinguished from chronic hypertension? The key factor in distinguishing gestational hypertension from chronic hypertension is the timing of diagnosis. Before 20 weeks gestation, elevated blood pressure (defined as a reading > 140/90 on two occasions at least 4 hours apart) is considered chronic hypertension. After 20 weeks gestation, elevated blood pressures signify a pregnancy-induced process, namely gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia if blood pressure elevati...

In the last episode, episode 126, we discussed pregnancy and aortic disorders as part of The CardioNerds Cardio-obstetrics Series. This episode brought to mind episode 76, where our colleagues from the Cleveland Clinic taught us about a woman named Lizzie Gasser, who at the young age of 27 tragically presented with postpartum pulmonary edema, found to have papillary muscle rupture, and was ultimately diagnosed with Vascular Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (VEDS) at autopsy. This case has been published in JACC Case Reports: CardioNerds Corner. Now, in this very special episode, we meet Lizzie Gasser, beyond her heart disease through the eyes of her loving husband, Todd Gasser. Her legacy underscores the importance of seeing our patients as people beyond their illness, in the context of their lives, values, and loved ones. This powerful discussion is led by Dr. Erika Hutt (cardiology fellow at the Cleveland Clinic) and Dr. Eunice Dugan,  (internal medicine resident at Johns Hopkins Hospital). Dr. Harry “Hal” Dietz (professor of pediatrics, an associate professor of medicine and an assistant professor of neurological surgery at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and a leading authority on genetic aortopathies (including Loeys-Dietz Syndrome which carries his name). Audio editing by CardioNerds Academy Intern, Dr. Maryam Barkhordarian. This episode is brought to you in collaboration with the VEDS Movement. The VEDS Movement’s mission is to save lives and improve the quality of life of individuals with Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (VEDS). By pursuing the most innovative research, educating the medical community, general public and affected individuals, and providing support to patients, families, and caregivers, The VEDS Movement, which is a division of The Marfan Foundation, charges forward and improves the outcomes for those living with VEDS. Individuals affected with VEDS can access medical webinars presented by the experts, join support groups, get involved in events and research, and donate by visiting TheVEDSMovement.org. Providers can also find resources, including CME opportunities, at TheVEDSMovement.org. CardioNerds Case Reports PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademyCardionerds Healy Honor Roll CardioNerds Journal ClubSubscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!Check out CardioNerds SWAG!Become a CardioNerds Patron! Photos & Youtube videos featuring Lizzie Gasser and her family https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4sVuctrUZs&t=1s Video from the VEDS movement that Lizzie's family is interviewed in. Their interview is from 7m30s - 17m16s  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6CeXYnZHhbg Video of Lizzy's life life that a friend put together. Episode Guests Dr. Erika HuttDr. Eunice DuganDr. Harry “Hal” Dietz CardioNerds Case Report Production Team Karan Desai, MDAmit Goyal, MDDaniel Ambinder, MD

CardioNerd Amit Goyal, Cardio-OB series co-chair and University of Texas Southwestern Cardiology Fellow, Dr. Sonia Shah, and episode lead and Johns Hopkins University Cardiology Fellow, Dr. Anum Minhas, discuss pregnancy and aortic disorders with Dr. Nupoor Narula of Weill Cornell Medical College. Special introduction by Sukrit Narula. In this episode we discuss the presentation and management of aortopathies during pregnancy. We begin by examining the pathophysiology of aortic disease during pregnancy, followed by a review of the heritable aortopathies and their risk of dissection. We then discuss preconception evaluation and antepartum care of women with aortopathies. We end with addressing management at the time of labor and delivery. Claim free CME for enjoying this episode! Abstract • Pearls • Quotables • Notes • References • Guest Profiles • Production Team CardioNerds Cardio-Obstetrics Series PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademyCardionerds Healy Honor Roll CardioNerds Journal ClubSubscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!Check out CardioNerds SWAG!Become a CardioNerds Patron! Episode Abstract - Pregnancy and Aortic Disorders In this episode we discuss the presentation and management of aortopathies during pregnancy. We begin by examining the pathophysiology of aortic disease during pregnancy, followed by a review of the heritable aortopathies and their risk of dissection. We then discuss preconception evaluation and antepartum care of women with aortopathies. We end with addressing management at the time of labor and delivery. Pearls - Pregnancy and Aortic Disorders 1. Assessment of aortic root and ascending aortic measurements should be performed prior to conception in women with known aortopathies, connective tissue diseases with high risk for aortopathies, bicuspid aortic valve or familial thoracic aortic syndromes. Dimensions should always be verified with multi-modality imaging prior to decision-making. 2. It is important to recognize that the immediate postpartum period is a high risk period for aortic dissection in women with aortopathies. 3. Goal systolic blood pressure is < 120 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure is < 80 mmHg in women with aortopathies. This goal should be discussed with the patient's obstetric provider during pregnancy, however, to ensure a blood pressure target is chosen that is appropriate for optimal maternal and fetal outcomes. Beta-blockers followed by calcium channel blockers should be used for these targets. Aldosterone receptor antagonists are contraindicated during pregnancy. 4. Per the 2018 ESC guidelines, during pregnancy, women with aortic pathology should have an echocardiogram performed every 12 weeks if low risk, and every month (4 weeks) if high risk. 5. Women with type A dissection during pregnancy should be evaluated for urgent Caesarean section and aortic surgery if the fetus is viable. Women with a stable type B dissection may be managed medically if stable. All decisions should be made in a multidisciplinary fashion with consultation with Maternal Fetal Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery. Quotables - Pregnancy and Aortic Disorders 1. “First and foremost, we must verify our dimensions. I'll say that again. We must verify our dimensions because nothing could have greater impact.” 2. “You know, our most important role is to provide transparency in pre-pregnancy risk counseling. We have to present the data that are available. We need to present the gaps in literature.  We need to present the possibility that in the right individual, we can proceed through pregnancy safely with close clinical and imaging monitoring and follow up in a multidisciplinary construct. Show notes - Pregnancy and Aortic Disorders What is the risk of aortic dissection during pregnancy in Marfan syndrome?Women who undergo pregnancy with prepartum counseling and close clinical and imaging follow-up usually maintain stability of...

CardioNerds (Amit Goyal & Karan Desai) join University of Minnesota fellows, Dr. Julie Power, Dr. Sasha Prisco, and Dr. Abdisamad Ibrahim for a riveting discussion in which they were pressured to diagnose a young woman with syncope. The fellows expertly take us through the next steps in the differential diagnosis, and management of pulmonary hypertension in this young patient! University of Minnesota faculty and expert in right ventricular (RV) failure in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) Dr. Kurt Prins provides the E-CPR for this episode. With this episode, the CardioNerds family warmly welcomes The University of Minnesota to the CardioNerds Healy Honor Roll. The CardioNerds Healy Honor Roll programs support and foster the the CardioNerds spirit and mission of democratizing cardiovascular education. Healy Honor Roll programs nominate fellows from their program who are highly motivated and are passionate about medical education. The University of Minnesota fellowship program director, Dr. Jane Chen has nominated Dr. Julie Power for this position. In addition to being a CardioNerds Ambassador, Julie has already done amazing CardioNerds work as part of the CardioNerds Academy fellowship. Claim free CME just for enjoying this episode! Disclosures: None Jump to: Patient summary - Case media - Case teaching - References CardioNerds Case Reports PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademyCardionerds Healy Honor Roll CardioNerds Journal ClubSubscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!Check out CardioNerds SWAG!Become a CardioNerds Patron! Patient Summary- Syncope and Pulmonary Hypertension A Somali woman in her mid-30s with no significant past medical history presented with shortness of breath and exertional syncope. EKG revealed evidence of RV strain. CTA-PE protocol did not show PE. However, there was RV dilation and subsequent echocardiogram demonstrated normal LV, but moderately reduced RV function with evidence of RV pressure and volume overload. RVSP was estimated to be 188 mmHg! Case Media ABCDEFGHClick to Enlarge A. CXR, B. ECG, C. PA measurements: Main PA measures 2.4 cm, right PA measures 2.3 cm, left PA measures 1.9 cm, D. Tricuspid valve Doppler, E. RA tracing, F. RV tracing, G. PA tracing, H. Wedge tracing CTA PE: No PE, markedly dilated pulmonary trunk at 4.7 cm. Right main pulmonary artery measures 3.1 cm. TTE: Parasternal long axis: Moderate right ventricular dilation compressing left ventricle. Global right ventricular function is moderately reduced. TTE: Parasternal long axis- RV view: Right ventricular dilation with mild pulmonary regurgitation TTE: Mild pulmonary regurgitation with dilation of main PA TTE: Paradoxical septal motion consistent with right ventricular pressure and volume overload. TTE: Apical 4 chamberParadoxical septal motion consistent with right ventricular pressure and volume overload. Moderate right ventricular dilation.Global right ventricular function is moderately reduced.Severe right atrial enlargement. Paradoxical septal motion consistent with right ventricular pressure and volume overload.Moderate right ventricular dilation.Global right ventricular function is moderately reduced.Severe right atrial enlargement.Moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation. TTE: Positive bubble study Episode Teaching Pearls Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can generally be categorized as pre-, post-, or combined pre- and post-capillary PH. Isolated pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension is characterized by: mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) ≥ 20 mmHg, a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) ≤ 15 mmHg, and a pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) ≥ 3 Woods units (WU). Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (WHO Group 1) falls under pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension.Schistosomiasis is the most common cause of PAH (WHO Group I) worldwide. Approximately 7% of patient with hepatosplenic ...