Sometimes twins can battle it out while in the womb, resulting in one of them just... disappearing. This is vanishing twin syndrome, and it's far more common than you may first think.  Grab our BRAND NEW merch now http://normalcitizen.store You can WATCH the podcast over on our YouTube channel: http://youtube.com/SciGuys Help keep the show running by supporting us on Patreon! http://patreon.com/sciguys If you'd like to see more of us, follow our socials! Facebook http://facebook.com/SciGuysPod Twitter http://twitter.com/SciGuysPod Instagram http://instagram.com/SciGuysPod Follow the SCI GUYS @notcorry / @jampkin / @lukecutforth References & Further Reading Twins & Pregnancy https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/identical-twins https://www.twins.org.au/twins-and-families/about-twins/171-mirror-image-twins https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/finding-out/pregnant-with-twins/ https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/ Vanishing Twins https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563220/#:~:text=Vanishing%20twin%20syndrome%2C%20as%20the,image%20of%20a%20vanishing%20twin. https://time.com/4091210/chimera-twins/ https://www.livescience.com/teens-twin-found-inside-adbomen-fetus-in-fetu.html Gestational Sac https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551624/

Human organs are in short supply - but this year scientists decided to genetically modify a pig heart to save the life of a man with terminal heart disease. This xentoransplant is brand new science & had never been done before. This week we go over the crazy experiments and mind-blowing science that led to this medical marvel. Grab our BRAND NEW merch now http://normalcitizen.store You can WATCH the podcast over on our YouTube channel: http://youtube.com/SciGuys Help keep the show running by supporting us on Patreon! http://patreon.com/sciguys If you'd like to see more of us, follow our socials! Facebook http://facebook.com/SciGuysPod Twitter http://twitter.com/SciGuysPod Instagram http://instagram.com/SciGuysPod Follow the SCI GUYS @notcorry / @jampkin / @lukecutforth References & Further Reading Xenotransplantation https://archive.bio.org/articles/xenotransplantation-benefits-and-risks-special-organ-transplantation https://www.omixon.com/brief-history-xenotransplantation/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684730/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3246856/ https://www.who.int/ethics/en/ETH_Nuffiled_xenotransplantation.pdf https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.03060/full https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/xenotransplantation https://www.groomers-online.com/professional-c1/scissors-c22/left-handed-scissors-c265/groomers-elite-45-straight-left-handed-bull-nosed-scissors-p755 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34697231/ Organ Donation & Transplants https://www.organdonation.nhs.uk/helping-you-to-decide/about-organ-donation/statistics-about-organ-donation/ https://www.organdonation.nhs.uk/helping-you-to-decide/about-organ-donation/living-donation/ https://www.nhsbt.nhs.uk/what-we-do/transplantation-services/organ-donation-and-transplantation/ First Pig Heart Transplant https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2022/01/15/the-science-behind-the-first-successful-pig-to-human-heart-transplant https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-59944889.amp https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00111-9 https://secure.jbs.elsevierhealth.com/action/consumeSsoCookie?redirectUri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Faction%2FconsumeSharedSessionAction%3FJSESSIONID%3DaaaBetSmryb39fIGYw37x%26MAID%3DcerwNnXJRoDD37sdGKDXfw%253D%253D%26SERVER%3DWZ6myaEXBLFD8VbcQEfOcg%253D%253D%26I2KBRCK%3D1%26ORIGIN%3D695817921%26RD%3DRD%26exp%3DTEn4cY9Dbt214rWTophWGQ%25253D%25253D&code=null&acw=Secure;SameSite=None&utt= https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2022/feb/03/german-researchers-to-breed-pigs-for-human-heart-transplants

What happpens when you're pregnant, but without actually being pregnant? These are hysterical pregnancies, and they are totally real. Find out more about these odd phantom foetuses in today's episode. Grab our BRAND NEW merch now http://normalcitizen.store You can WATCH the podcast over on our YouTube channel: http://youtube.com/SciGuys Help keep the show running by supporting us on Patreon! http://patreon.com/sciguys If you'd like to see more of us, follow our socials! Facebook http://facebook.com/SciGuysPod Twitter http://twitter.com/SciGuysPod Instagram http://instagram.com/SciGuysPod Follow the SCI GUYS @notcorry / @jampkin / @lukecutforth References & Further Reading Hysterical Pregnancies https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/pseudocyesis https://www.cureus.com/articles/40598-a-rare-case-of-pseudocyesis-in-a-patient-with-bipolar-disorder https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2738334/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3674939/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3361851/#__ffn_sectitle https://www.britannica.com/science/false-pregnancy https://www.britannica.com/science/hydatidiform-mole https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5894469/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4133423/ https://americanpregnancy.org/getting-pregnant/infertility/false-pregnancy/ Somatic Symptom Disorders https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/somatic-symptom-disorder/what-is-somatic-symptom-disorder https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2990557/ https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/z-other-specified

Australia's wildlife is known for being dangerous, but humans introduced a creature that gave them all a run for their money. The Cane Toad is an invasive species that has singlehandedly taken over Australia in only a few years... Grab our BRAND NEW merch now http://normalcitizen.store You can WATCH the podcast over on our YouTube channel: http://youtube.com/SciGuys Help keep the show running by supporting us on Patreon! http://patreon.com/sciguys If you'd like to see more of us, follow our socials! Facebook http://facebook.com/SciGuysPod Twitter http://twitter.com/SciGuysPod Instagram http://instagram.com/SciGuysPod Follow the SCI GUYS @notcorry / @jampkin / @lukecutforth References & Further Reading Invasive Species https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/invasive-species/ https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-are-invasive-species.html Cane Toads https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02317-9/d41586-021-02317-9.pdf https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/facts/cane-toad https://australian.museum/learn/animals/frogs/cane-toad/ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/invasive-australian-cane-toads-are-more-cannibalistic-their-south-american-counterparts-180978558/ Introduction to Australia https://pestsmart.org.au/toolkit-resource/how-did-the-cane-toad-arrive-in-australia/ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-39348313.amp https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/26/australian-water-rats-cut-cane-toads-open-with-surgical-precision-to-feast-on-their-hearts https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18271722/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20919631/ https://www.pnas.org/content/101/49/17150 http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/100_worst.php

Cyarine joins us this week to chat about the science of Autism! Grab our BRAND NEW merch now http://normalcitizen.store You can WATCH the podcast over on our YouTube channel: http://youtube.com/SciGuys Help keep the show running by supporting us on Patreon! http://patreon.com/sciguys If you'd like to see more of us, follow our socials! Facebook http://facebook.com/SciGuysPod Twitter http://twitter.com/SciGuysPod Instagram http://instagram.com/SciGuysPod Follow the SCI GUYS @notcorry / @jampkin / @lukecutforth References & Further Reading Autism https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61539-1/fulltext https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3513682/ https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/what-is-autism/ https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/signs/adults/ https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02445082 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3757918/ https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928#:~:text=Genetics.,risk%20of%20autism%20spectrum%20disorder. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn.2017.112 https://www.bma.org.uk/what-we-do/population-health/improving-the-health-of-specific-groups/autism-spectrum-disorder#:~:text=It%20is%20estimated%20that%20around,diagnosis%20of%20autism%20spectrum%20disorder. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-dsm.html https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/other-conditions/ https://autisme.nl/media/120192/artikel_erfelijkehid_autisme.pdf Aspergers https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Asperger-Syndrome-Information-Page Causes https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21299355/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25222596/ Gender & Sex Differences https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4284309/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11920-019-1006-3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5925757/ Treatments https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/autism-and-everyday-life/fake-and-harmful-treatments/ https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/autism/conditioninfo/treatments

The 5 Stages of Grief are almost omnipresent in pop culture, but is the science behind it sound? Let's find out! Grab our BRAND NEW merch now http://normalcitizen.store You can WATCH the podcast over on our YouTube channel: http://youtube.com/SciGuys Help keep the show running by supporting us on Patreon! http://patreon.com/sciguys If you'd like to see more of us, follow our socials! Facebook http://facebook.com/SciGuysPod Twitter http://twitter.com/SciGuysPod Instagram http://instagram.com/SciGuysPod Follow the SCI GUYS @notcorry / @jampkin / @lukecutforth References & Further Reading Grief & the Kubler Ross-Model https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507885/ https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/gestaltreview.16.3.0312 https://www.sth.nhs.uk/clientfiles/File/Theory%20of%20Loss.pdf https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31746715/ https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0030222818809766 https://www.britannica.com/science/thanatology https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6844541/ Elisabeth Kubler-Ross https://time.com/3946458/kubler-ross-history/?amp=true https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-53267505.amp https://www.ekrfoundation.org/elisabeth-kubler-ross/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264310506_Elisabeth_Kubler-Ross Kubler-Ross Alternatives https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7797418/

Love languages have become a staple in pop culture, but is there any science behind them? That's what we're taking a look at in this Valentine's special! Grab our BRAND NEW merch now http://normalcitizen.store You can WATCH the podcast over on our YouTube channel: http://youtube.com/SciGuys Help keep the show running by supporting us on Patreon! http://patreon.com/sciguys If you'd like to see more of us, follow our socials! Facebook http://facebook.com/SciGuysPod Twitter http://twitter.com/SciGuysPod Instagram http://instagram.com/SciGuysPod Follow the SCI GUYS @notcorry / @jampkin / @lukecutforth References & Further Reading https://www.5lovelanguages.com/quizzes/love-language/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24020933/ https://archive.org/details/fivelovelanguage00chap https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/fashion/can-gary-chapman-save-your-marriage-this-life.html https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17464090500535822?scroll=top&needAccess=true https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17531984/ https://amp.theatlantic.com/amp/article/600283/ https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.psichi.org/resource/resmgr/journal_2020/25_3_hughes.pdf https://www.wired.com/story/tiktok-algorithm-mental-health-psychology/amp

ASMR seemed to take over the world in the 2010s... but is there any science behind it? That's what we're digging into this week! Grab our BRAND NEW merch now http://normalcitizen.store You can WATCH the podcast over on our YouTube channel: http://youtube.com/SciGuys Help keep the show running by supporting us on Patreon! http://patreon.com/sciguys If you'd like to see more of us, follow our socials! Facebook http://facebook.com/SciGuysPod Twitter http://twitter.com/SciGuysPod Instagram http://instagram.com/SciGuysPod Follow the SCI GUYS @notcorry / @jampkin / @lukecutforth References & Further Reading https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/04/magazine/how-asmr-videos-became-a-sensation-youtube.html https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/asmr-more-than-a-feeling/amp/ https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-asmr-real-or-just-a-pseudoscience/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29924796/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33232904/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31128572/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34769976/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33174254/ https://peerj.com/articles/851/

Are octopusses sentient? According to the UK government, yes! Although that may not mean exactly what you think... Grab our BRAND NEW merch now http://normalcitizen.store You can WATCH the podcast over on our YouTube channel: http://youtube.com/SciGuys Help keep the show running by supporting us on Patreon! http://patreon.com/sciguys If you'd like to see more of us, follow our socials! Facebook http://facebook.com/SciGuysPod Twitter http://twitter.com/SciGuysPod Instagram http://instagram.com/SciGuysPod Follow the SCI GUYS @notcorry / @jampkin / @lukecutforth References & Further Reading Review of Cephalopod & Crustacean Sentience 1. https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/News-Assets/PDFs/2021/Sentience-in-Cephalopod-Molluscs-and-Decapod-Crustaceans-Final-Report-November-2021.pdf 2. https://www.livescience.com/39481-time-to-declare-animal-sentience.html 3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4494450/ Octopus Info 1. https://www.britannica.com/animal/octopus-mollusk Sentience 1. https://science.rspca.org.uk/sciencegroup/sentience Habituation 1. https://www.britannica.com/topic/habituation UK Government Sentience Bill 1. https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/18/octopuses-and-lobsters-have-feelings-include-them-in-sentience-bill-urge-mps 2. https://www.livescience.com/cephalopods-and-crustaceans-recognised-as-sentient-in-uk 3. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/lobsters-octopus-and-crabs-recognised-as-sentient-beings 

Why do humans have beards? And why is it predominantly men that are able to grow them? Scientists knuckled down and attempted to figure out the answer!  Go get 20% OFF @manscaped + Free Shipping with promo code SCIGUYS at MANSCAPED.com! #ad #manscapedpod Grab our BRAND NEW merch now http://normalcitizen.store You can WATCH the podcast over on our YouTube channel: http://youtube.com/SciGuys Help keep the show running by supporting us on Patreon! http://patreon.com/sciguys If you'd like to see more of us, follow our socials! Facebook http://facebook.com/SciGuysPod Twitter http://twitter.com/SciGuysPod Instagram http://instagram.com/SciGuysPod Follow the SCI GUYS @notcorry / @jampkin / @lukecutforth References & Further Reading 1. https://www.britannica.com/topic/beard 2. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160418-the-real-reason-men-grow-beards 3. https://www.improbable.com 4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513817302660