Crazy Wisdom

On this episode, Stewart Alsop talks with Suman Kanuganti, founder of Personal.ai and a pioneer in AI for accessibility and human-machine collaboration. Together, they explore how Suman’s journey from launching Aira to building Personal.ai reflects a deeper mission of creating technology that enhances memory, communication, and personal empowerment. They touch on entrepreneurship, inclusive design, and the future of AI as a personal extension of human potential. For more information, visit the Personal.ai website or connect with Suman on LinkedIn.Check out this GPT we trained on the conversation!Timestamps00:00 Introduction to Suman Kanuganti and the vision behind Personal.ai, setting the stage with AI for accessibility and personal empowerment.05:00 Discussing the startup journey, the leap from corporate life to entrepreneurship, and the founding of Aira with a focus on inclusive technology.10:00 Deep dive into communication empowerment, how Aira built independence for the blind community, and lessons learned from solving real-world problems.15:00 Transitioning from Aira to Personal.ai, exploring memory extension and the future of personal communication through AI models.20:00 Addressing privacy, ownership of personal data, and why trust is fundamental in the development of personalized AI systems.25:00 Vision of human-machine collaboration, future scenarios where AI supports memory, creativity, and human potential without replacing human agency.30:00 Closing reflections on entrepreneurship, building technology with deep purpose, and how inclusive design drives innovation for everyone.Key InsightsPersonalized AI is the Next Evolution in Human Communication: Suman Kanuganti emphasizes that AI is moving beyond generic tools and into deeply personal territory, where each individual can have an AI modeled after their own thoughts, memories, and style of communication. This evolution is aimed at making technology an extension of the self rather than a replacement.Accessibility Technologies Have Broader Applications: Through his work with Aira, Suman discovered that building tools for accessibility often results in innovations that serve a much wider audience. By designing with people with disabilities in mind, entrepreneurs can create more universally empowering technologies that enhance independence for everyone.Entrepreneurship Requires a Deep Sense of Purpose: Suman’s transition from corporate engineering to entrepreneurship was fueled by a personal desire to create meaningful change. He highlights that a strong mission—like empowering individuals through technology—helps sustain entrepreneurs through the inevitable challenges and uncertainties of building startups.Memory Is a Key Frontier for AI Development: One of the core ideas discussed is that memory preservation and recall is an essential human function that AI can augment. Personal.ai aims to assist individuals by organizing and retrieving personal memories and knowledge, offering a future where mental workload is reduced without losing personal agency.Building Trust Is Critical in Personal AI: Suman stresses that for AI to become truly personal and trusted, users must retain ownership and control over their data. Personal.ai is designed with privacy and individual autonomy at its core, reflecting a future where users dictate how their information is stored, accessed, and shared.The Best Innovations Come from Solving Specific, Real Problems: Rather than chasing trends, Suman advocates for entrepreneurs to focus on tangible problems they understand deeply. His success with Aira stemmed from addressing a clear need in the blind community, and that same principle now drives the mission behind Personal.ai—addressing the growing problem of information overload and memory fragmentation.Human-AI Symbiosis Will Define the Future: Suman paints a future where humans and AI work symbiotically, each complementing the other’s strengths. Instead of replacing human intelligence, the best AI systems will support cognitive functions like memory, creativity, and communication, ultimately expanding what individuals can achieve personally and professionally.

In this episode of the Crazy Wisdom Podcast, I, Stewart Alsop III, speak with David Packham, CEO and co-founder of Chintai, about the real-world implications of tokenizing assets—from real estate and startup equity to institutional finance and beyond. David shares insights from his time inside Goldman Sachs during the 2008 crash, his journey into blockchain starting in 2016, and how Chintai is now helping reshape the financial system through compliant, blockchain-based infrastructure. We talk about the collapse of institutional trust, the weirdness of meme coins, the possible obsolescence of IPOs, and the deeper societal shifts underway. For more on David and Chintai, check out chintai.io and chintainexus.com.Check out this GPT we trained on the conversation!Timestamps00:00 – David Packham introduces Chintai and explains the vision of tokenizing real world assets, highlighting the failure of early promises and the need for real transformation in finance. 05:00 – The conversation turns to accredited investors, regulatory controls, and how Chintai ensures compliance while preserving self-custody and smart contract-level restrictions. 10:00 – Discussion of innovative asset models like yield-bearing tokens tied to Manhattan real estate and tokenized private funds, showing how commercial use cases are overtaking DeFi gimmicks. 15:00 – Packham unpacks how liquidity is reshaping startup equity, potentially making IPOs obsolete by offering secondary markets and early investor exits through tokenization. 20:00 – The focus shifts to global crypto hubs. Singapore’s limitations, US entrepreneurial resurgence, and Hong Kong’s return to crypto leadership come up. 25:00 – Stewart and David discuss the broader decentralization of institutions, including government finance on blockchain, and the surprising effect of CBDCs in China. 30:00 – They explore the cultural dimensions of decentralization, including the network state, societal decline, and the importance of shared values for cohesion. 35:00 – Wrapping up, they touch on the philosophy of investment vs. speculation, the corruption of fiat systems, and the potential for real-world assets to stabilize crypto portfolios.Key InsightsTokenization is transforming access to financial markets: David Packham explains how tokenizing real-world assets—like real estate, private debt, and startup equity—can unlock previously illiquid sectors. Through blockchain, assets become tradable, accessible, and transparent, with innovations like fractional ownership and yield-bearing tokens making markets more efficient. Chintai, his company, enables this transformation by providing compliant infrastructure for institutions and investors to engage with these assets securely.The era of IPOs may be nearing its end: Packham suggests that traditional IPOs, with their delayed liquidity and gatekeeping, are becoming obsolete. With blockchain, companies can now tokenize equity and provide liquidity earlier in their lifecycle. This changes the game for startups and investors alike, enabling ongoing access to investment opportunities and exits without needing to go public in the conventional sense.The crypto industry is maturing beyond speculation: Reflecting on the shift from the ideologically driven early days of crypto to the speculative fervor of ICOs, NFTs, and meme coins, Packham calls for a return to fundamentals. He envisions a future where crypto supports real economic activity, especially through projects that build infrastructure for compliant, meaningful use cases. Degenerate gambling, he argues, may coexist with more serious ventures, but the latter will shape the future.Decentralization is challenging traditional power structures: The conversation touches on how blockchain can reduce favoritism and control in financial systems. Packham highlights how tools like permissioned ledgers and smart contracts can enforce fairness, resist corruption, and enhance access. He contrasts this with legacy systems, which often protect elite interests, drawing on his own experience at Goldman Sachs during the 2008 crisis.Global leadership in crypto is shifting: While Singapore positioned itself as a key crypto hub, Packham notes its lack of entrepreneurial culture compared to the U.S. and China. He observes that regulatory openness is important, but business culture and capital depth are decisive. The U.S. has reemerged as a key player, showing renewed interest and drive, while Hong Kong and China continue to move boldly in this space.The societal impact of financial technology is profound: The episode explores how blockchain might influence governance and societal organization. From the potential tokenization of government operations to more transparent fiscal policies, Packham sees emerging possibilities for better systems—though he warns against naive techno-utopianism. He reflects on the dual-edged nature of technologies like CBDCs, which can enhance transparency but also increase state control.Cultural values matter in shaping the future: The conversation ends on a philosophical note, examining the tension between decentralization, cultural identity, and immigration. Packham emphasizes that shared values and cultural cohesion are crucial for societal stability. He challenges idealistic notions like the “network state” by pointing out that human nature and cultural alignment still play a major role in the success or failure of social systems.

Aaron Lowry, a restoration expert passionate about antique technology, shares insights on the intertwining of technology and human life. He discusses the fragile trust in AI and digital infrastructure, advocating for individual sovereignty and transparency. The conversation delves into cultural shifts post-COVID and the historical misunderstandings of narratives around technology and politics. Lowry highlights the practical tech adoption by Mennonite and Amish communities and the importance of designing for long-term human flourishing while managing digital dependencies.

In this episode of Crazy Wisdom, Stewart Alsop talks with Will Bickford about the future of human intelligence, the exocortex, and the role of software as an extension of our minds. Will shares his thinking on brain-computer interfaces, PHEXT (a plain text protocol for structured data), and how high-dimensional formats could help us reframe the way we collaborate and think. They explore the abstraction layers of code and consciousness, and why Will believes that better tools for thought are not just about productivity, but about expanding the boundaries of what it means to be human. You can connect with Will in Twitter at @wbic16 or check out the links mentioned by Will in Github.Check out this GPT we trained on the conversation!Timestamps00:00 – Introduction to the concept of the exocortex and how current tools like plain text editors and version control systems serve as early forms of cognitive extension.​05:00 – Discussion on brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), emphasizing non-invasive software interfaces as powerful tools for augmenting human cognition.​10:00 – Introduction to PHEXT, a plain text format designed to embed high-dimensional structure into simple syntax, facilitating interoperability between software systems.​15:00 – Exploration of software abstraction as a means of compressing vast domains of meaning into manageable forms, enhancing understanding rather than adding complexity.​20:00 – Conversation about the enduring power of text as an interface, highlighting its composability, hackability, and alignment with human symbolic processing.​25:00 – Examination of collaborative intelligence and the idea that intelligence emerges from distributed systems involving people, software, and shared ideas.​30:00 – Discussion on the importance of designing better communication protocols, like PHEXT, to create systems that align with human thought processes and enhance cognitive capabilities.​35:00 – Reflection on the broader implications of these technologies for the future of human intelligence and the potential for expanding the boundaries of human cognition.Key InsightsThe exocortex is already here, just not evenly distributed. Will frames the exocortex not as a distant sci-fi future, but as something emerging right now in the form of external software systems that augment our thinking. He suggests that tools like plain text editors, command-line interfaces, and version control systems are early prototypes of this distributed cognitive architecture—ways we already extend our minds beyond the biological brain.Brain-computer interfaces don’t need to be invasive to be powerful. Rather than focusing on neural implants, Will emphasizes software interfaces as the true terrain of BCIs. The bridge between brain and computer can be as simple—and profound—as the protocols we use to interact with machines. What matters is not tapping into neurons directly, but creating systems that think with us, where interface becomes cognition.PHEXT is a way to compress meaning while remaining readable. At the heart of Will’s work is PHEXT, a plain text format that embeds high-dimensional structure into simple syntax. It’s designed to let software interoperate through shared, human-readable representations of structured data—stripping away unnecessary complexity while still allowing for rich expressiveness. It's not just a format, but a philosophy of communication between systems and people.Software abstraction is about compression, not complexity. Will pushes back against the idea that abstraction means obfuscation. Instead, he sees abstraction as a way to compress vast domains of meaning into manageable forms. Good abstractions reveal rather than conceal—they help you see more with less. In this view, the challenge is not just to build new software, but to compress new layers of insight into form.Text is still the most powerful interface we have. Despite decades of graphical interfaces, Will argues that plain text remains the highest-bandwidth cognitive tool. Text allows for versioning, diffing, grepping—it plugs directly into the brain's symbolic machinery. It's composable, hackable, and lends itself naturally to abstraction. Rather than moving away from text, the future might involve making text higher-dimensional and more semantically rich.The future of thinking is collaborative, not just computational. One recurring theme is that intelligence doesn’t emerge in isolation—it’s distributed. Will sees the exocortex as something inherently social: a space where people, software, and ideas co-think. This means building interfaces not just for solo users, but for networked groups of minds working through shared representations.Designing better protocols is designing better minds. Will’s vision is protocol-first. He sees the structure of communication—between apps, between people, between thoughts—as the foundation of intelligence itself. By designing protocols like PHEXT that align with how we actually think, we can build software that doesn’t just respond to us, but participates in our thought processes.

In a thought-provoking discussion, Trent Gillham, known as Drunk Plato, reveals his insights on the power of memes and community narratives through his platform, Meme Deck. He examines the decline of traditional media and how AI is reshaping cultural frameworks. From the concept of hyperstition fueling innovation to the rise of meme coins in the cryptocurrency world, Trent highlights the intricate relationship between technology and belief systems. He also dives into the trust challenges posed by blockchain, all while offering a creative vision for storytelling in the digital age.

On this episode of Crazy Wisdom, I’m joined by David Pope, Commissioner on the Wyoming Stable Token Commission, and Executive Director Anthony Apollo, for a wide-ranging conversation that explores the bold, nuanced effort behind Wyoming’s first-of-its-kind state-issued stable token. I’m your host Stewart Alsop, and what unfolds in this dialogue is both a technical unpacking and philosophical meditation on trust, financial sovereignty, and what it means for a government to anchor itself in transparent, programmable value. We move through Anthony’s path from Wall Street to Web3, the infrastructure and intention behind tokenizing real-world assets, and how the U.S. dollar’s future could be shaped by state-level innovation. If you're curious to follow along with their work, everything from blockchain selection criteria to commission recordings can be found at stabletoken.wyo.gov.Check out this GPT we trained on the conversation!Timestamps00:00 – David Pope and Anthony Apollo introduce themselves, clarifying they speak personally, not for the Commission. You, Stewart, set an open tone, inviting curiosity and exploration.05:00 – Anthony shares his path from traditional finance to Ethereum and government, driven by frustration with legacy banking inefficiencies.10:00 – Tokenized bonds enter the conversation via the Spencer Dinwiddie project. Pope explains early challenges with defining “real-world assets.”15:00 – Legal limits of token ownership vs. asset title are unpacked. You question whether anything “real” has been tokenized yet.20:00 – Focus shifts to the Wyoming Stable Token: its constitutional roots and blockchain as a tool for fiat-backed stability without inflation.25:00 – Comparison with CBDCs: Apollo explains why Wyoming’s token is transparent, non-programmatic, and privacy-focused.30:00 – Legislative framework: the 102% backing rule, public audits, and how rulemaking differs from law. You explore flexibility and trust.35:00 – Global positioning: how Wyoming stands apart from other states and nations in crypto policy. You highlight U.S. federalism’s role.40:00 – Topics shift to velocity, peer-to-peer finance, and risk. You connect this to Urbit and decentralized systems.45:00 – Apollo unpacks the stable token’s role in reinforcing dollar hegemony, even as BRICS move away from it.50:00 – Wyoming’s transparency and governance as financial infrastructure. You reflect on meme coins and state legitimacy.55:00 – Discussion of Bitcoin reserves, legislative outcomes, and what’s ahead. The conversation ends with vision and clarity.Key InsightsWyoming is pioneering a new model for state-level financial infrastructure. Through the creation of the Wyoming Stable Token Commission, the state is developing a fully-backed, transparent stable token that aims to function as a public utility. Unlike privately issued stablecoins, this one is mandated by law to be 102% backed by U.S. dollars and short-term treasuries, ensuring high trust and reducing systemic risk.The stable token is not just a tech innovation—it’s a philosophical statement about trust. As David Pope emphasized, the transparency and auditability of blockchain-based financial instruments allow for a shift toward self-auditing systems, where trust isn’t assumed but proven. In contrast to the opaque operations of legacy banking systems, the stable token is designed to be programmatically verifiable.Tokenized real-world assets are coming, but we’re not there yet. Anthony Apollo and David Pope clarify that most "real-world assets" currently tokenized are actually equity or debt instruments that represent ownership structures, not the assets themselves. The next leap will involve making the token itself the title, enabling true fractional ownership of physical or financial assets without intermediary entities.This initiative strengthens the U.S. dollar rather than undermining it. By creating a transparent, efficient vehicle for global dollar transactions, the Wyoming Stable Token could bolster the dollar’s role in international finance. Instead of competing with the dollar, it reinforces its utility in an increasingly digital economy—offering a compelling alternative to central bank digital currencies that raise concerns around surveillance and control.Stable tokens have the potential to become major holders of U.S. debt. Anthony Apollo points out that the aggregate of all fiat-backed stable tokens already represents a top-tier holder of U.S. treasuries. As adoption grows, state-run stable tokens could play a crucial role in sovereign debt markets, filling gaps left by foreign governments divesting from U.S. securities.Public accountability is central to Wyoming’s approach. Unlike private entities that can change terms at will, the Wyoming Commission is legally bound to go through a public rulemaking process for any adjustments. This radical transparency offers both stability and public trust, setting a precedent for how digital public infrastructure can be governed.The ultimate goal is to build a bridge between traditional finance and the Web3 future. Rather than burn the old system down, Pope and Apollo are designing the stable token as a pragmatic transition layer—something institutions can trust and privacy advocates can respect. It’s about enabling safe experimentation and gradual transformation, not triggering collapse.

In this episode of Crazy Wisdom, Stewart Alsop speaks with German Jurado about the strange loop between computation and biology, the emergence of reasoning in AI models, and what it means to "stand on the shoulders" of evolutionary systems. They talk about CRISPR not just as a gene-editing tool, but as a memory architecture encoded in bacterial immunity; they question whether LLMs are reasoning or just mimicking it; and they explore how scientists navigate the unknown with a kind of embodied intuition. For more about German’s work, you can connect with him through email at germanjurado7@gmail.com.Check out this GPT we trained on the conversation!Timestamps00:00 - Stewart introduces German Jurado and opens with a reflection on how biology intersects with multiple disciplines—physics, chemistry, computation.05:00 - They explore the nature of life’s interaction with matter, touching on how biology is about the interface between organic systems and the material world.10:00 - German explains how bioinformatics emerged to handle the complexity of modern biology, especially in genomics, and how it spans structural biology, systems biology, and more.15:00 - Introduction of AI into the scientific process—how models are being used in drug discovery and to represent biological processes with increasing fidelity.20:00 - Stewart and German talk about using LLMs like GPT to read and interpret dense scientific literature, changing the pace and style of research.25:00 - The conversation turns to societal implications—how these tools might influence institutions, and the decentralization of expertise.30:00 - Competitive dynamics between AI labs, the scaling of context windows, and speculation on where the frontier is heading.35:00 - Stewart reflects on English as the dominant language of science and the implications for access and translation of knowledge.40:00 - Historical thread: they discuss the Republic of Letters, how the structure of knowledge-sharing has evolved, and what AI might do to that structure.45:00 - Wrap-up thoughts on reasoning, intuition, and the idea of scientists as co-evolving participants in both natural and artificial systems.50:00 - Final reflections and thank-yous, German shares where to find more of his thinking, and Stewart closes the loop on the conversation.Key InsightsCRISPR as a memory system – Rather than viewing CRISPR solely as a gene-editing tool, German Jurado frames it as a memory architecture—an evolved mechanism through which bacteria store fragments of viral DNA as a kind of immune memory. This perspective shifts CRISPR into a broader conceptual space, where memory is not just cognitive but deeply biological.AI models as pattern recognizers, not yet reasoners – While large language models can mimic reasoning impressively, Jurado suggests they primarily excel at statistical pattern matching. The distinction between reasoning and simulation becomes central, raising the question: are these systems truly thinking, or just very good at appearing to?The loop between computation and biology – One of the core themes is the strange feedback loop where biology inspires computational models (like neural networks), and those models in turn are used to probe and understand biological systems. It's a recursive relationship that’s accelerating scientific insight but also complicating our definitions of intelligence and understanding.Scientific discovery as embodied and intuitive – Jurado highlights that real science often begins in the gut, in a kind of embodied intuition before it becomes formalized. This challenges the myth of science as purely rational or step-by-step and instead suggests that hunches, sensory experience, and emotional resonance play a crucial role.Proteins as computational objects – Proteins aren’t just biochemical entities—they’re shaped by information. Their structure, function, and folding dynamics can be seen as computations, and tools like AlphaFold are beginning to unpack that informational complexity in ways that blur the line between physics and code.Human alignment is messier than AI alignment – While AI alignment gets a lot of attention, Jurado points out that human alignment—between scientists, institutions, and across cultures—is historically chaotic. This reframes the AI alignment debate in a broader evolutionary and historical context, questioning whether we're holding machines to stricter standards than ourselves.Standing on the shoulders of evolutionary processes – Evolution is not just a backdrop but an active epistemic force. Jurado sees scientists as participants in a much older system of experimentation and iteration—evolution itself. In this view, we’re not just designing models; we’re being shaped by them, in a co-evolution of tools and understanding.

Naman Mishra, CTO of Repello AI and an expert in AI security, dives into the complexities of securing large language models. He discusses layered vulnerabilities and highlights alarming risks like prompt injection and data leaks, including a fascinating anecdote about a Windows activation key leaked by ChatGPT. Naman emphasizes the importance of continuous red teaming as a proactive approach to security, and explores the crucial role of ethical hackers. The conversation sheds light on the urgent need for robust security measures in AI technologies, especially in sensitive sectors.

Perry Knoppert, the founder of The Octopus Movement and a passionate advocate for neurodiversity, joins the discussion from the Netherlands. He shares fascinating octopus facts that reveal their evolutionary adaptations, likening it to personal growth. The conversation dives into the transformative role of AI in education and the unique strengths of neurodivergent minds. Perry argues that frustration can fuel creativity, emphasizing the need for educational systems to embrace individual learning paths instead of rigid structures.

On this episode of the Crazy Wisdom Podcast, I, Stewart Alsop, sit down with Federico Ast, founder of Kleros, to explore how decentralized justice systems can resolve both crypto-native and real-world disputes. We talk about the pilot with the Supreme Court in Mendoza, Argentina, where Kleros is helping small claims courts resolve cases faster and more transparently, and how this ties into a broader vision for digital governance using tools like proof of humanity and soulbound tokens. We also get into the philosophical and institutional implications of building a digital republic, and how blockchain can offer new models of legitimacy and truth-making. Show notes and more about Federico’s work can be found via his Twitter: @federicoast (https://twitter.com/federicoast) and by joining the Kleros Telegram community.Check out this GPT we trained on the conversation!00:00 Introduction and Guest Welcome00:38 Claros Pilot Program in Mendoza02:00 Claros and the Legal System05:13 Personal Journey into Crypto07:16 Challenges and Innovations in Kleros18:02 Proof of Humanity and Soulbound Tokens26:54 Incentives and Proof of Humanity27:01 Interesting DAO Court Cases27:21 Prediction Markets and Disputes31:36 Customer Service and Dispute Resolution38:21 Governance and Online Communities40:02 Future of Civilization and Technology47:16 Bounties and Legal Systems49:06 Conclusion and Contact InformationKey InsightsDecentralized Justice Can Bridge the Gap Between Traditional Legal Systems and Web3: Federico Ast explains how Kleros functions as a decentralized dispute resolution system, offering a faster, more transparent, and more accessible alternative to conventional courts. In places like Mendoza, Argentina, Kleros has been piloted in collaboration with the Supreme Court to help resolve small claims that would otherwise take years, demonstrating how blockchain tools can support real-world judicial systems rather than replace them.Crypto Tools Are Most Powerful When Rooted in Real-World Problems: Ast emphasizes that his motivation for building in the blockchain space came not from hype but from firsthand experience with institutional inefficiencies in Argentina—such as corruption, inaccessible courts, and predatory financial systems. For him, crypto is a means to address these structural issues, not an end in itself. This grounded approach contrasts with many in the space who begin with the technology and try to retrofit a use case.Proof of Humanity and Soulbound Tokens Expand the Scope of Legitimate Governance: To address concerns over who gets to participate in decentralized juries, Kleros integrates identity verification through Proof of Humanity and uses non-transferable Soulbound Tokens to grant eligibility. These innovations allow communities—whether geographic, organizational, or digital—to define their own membership criteria, making decentralized courts feel more legitimate and relevant to participants.Decentralized Courts Can Handle Complex, Subjective Disputes: While early versions of Kleros were built for binary disputes (yes/no, Alice vs. Bob), real-world conflicts are often more nuanced. Over time, the platform evolved to support more flexible decision-making, including proportional fault, ranked outcomes, and variable payouts. This adaptability allows Kleros to handle a broader spectrum of disputes, including ambiguous or interpretive cases like those found in prediction markets.Incentive Systems Create New Forms of Justice Participation: Kleros applies game theory to create juror incentives that reward honest and aligned decisions. In systems like Proof of Humanity, it even gamifies fraud detection by offering financial bounties to those who uncover duplicate or fake identities. These economic incentives encourage voluntary participation in public-good functions such as identity verification and dispute resolution.Kleros Offers a Middle Ground Between Corporate Automation and Legal Bureaucracy: Many companies use rigid, automated systems to deny customer claims, leaving individuals with no real recourse except to complain on social media. Kleros offers an intermediate option: a transparent, peer-based adjudication process that can resolve disputes quickly. In pilot programs with fintech companies like Lemon, over 90% of users who lost their case still accepted the result and remained customers, showing how fairness in process can build trust even when outcomes disappoint.Digital Communities Are Becoming the New Foundations of Governance: Ast points out that many people now feel more connected to online communities than to their local or national institutions. Blockchain governance—enabled by tools like Kleros, Proof of Humanity, and decentralized IDs—allows these communities to build their own civil infrastructure. This marks a shift toward what he calls a “digital republic,” where shared values and participation, rather than geography, form the basis of collective decision-making and legitimacy.