

Demystifying PANS/PANDAS Podcast
Nancy O'Hara MD
Welcome to the Demystifying PANS/PANDAS Podcast with Dr. Nancy O'Hara! Ever wondered why some kids experience sudden, life-altering behavioral changes? This podcast delves into PANS (Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome) and PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Strep). Experts explore the triggers, symptoms, and innovative treatments for these autoimmune disorders, blending science and heartfelt guidance. From strep to Lyme, natural therapies, emotional support, and recovery stories—this is your guide to hope and healing.
Episodes
Mentioned books

Dec 3, 2025 • 52min
Leaky Skin, Leaky Gut, Leaky Brain: The Hidden Connection in Kids
Leaky skin. Leaky gut. Leaky brain. The connection is real, and it’s impacting our kids. In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Dr. Sheila Kilbane joins us to connect the dots between eczema, atopic issues, histamine, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Join us as we break down the surprising overlap between leaky skin, leaky gut, and a leaky blood-brain barrier in kids with chronic inflammatory issues and offer practical, doable steps to support healing.----What if your child’s eczema, gut issues, and rages were all connected? In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Dr. Sheila Kilbane joins us to explore a big question on so many parents’ minds: How are my child’s skin issues, gut issues, and brain symptoms all connected? She breaks down her ‘inside out and outside in’ approach to eczema in simple, practical terms, while also asking why the fire started in the first place. We also look at the major triggers in a child’s ‘inflammation bucket’ and show how things like allergy season or a dust-mite–filled mattress can be the hidden reason tics, rages, or anxiety explode.Dr. Kilbane also dives into when it actually helps to use medications or antihistamines at the beginning, and how to slowly layer in kid-friendly tools like smoothies, better snacks, and more plants in the diet without stressing the whole family. Tune in to hear real stories of kids whose eczema, ear infections, and behavior improved when a few key foods were removed, why giant food panels are unreliable, and how simple patterns and parent observations can guide your next steps.----Dr. Sheila Kilbane is a board-certified pediatrician and integrative medicine physician who helps families get to the root of chronic childhood illnesses, from eczema and allergies to gut issues, asthma, and behavioral symptoms. After years in a busy conventional practice watching kids return again and again without lasting improvement, she set out to create a better model of care, one that listens deeply, looks for patterns, and uses both nutrition and medicine to support healing from the inside out.Today, she runs a private practice and is the creator of the Healthy Kids, Happy Moms Program, a seven-step process designed to reduce inflammation and restore children’s health naturally and sustainably. A sought-after speaker and author, her mission is to transform pediatric healthcare and help one million kids get off medications they may not need while giving parents the clarity, confidence, and tools they deserve.----Sheila Kilbane, MDWebsite: sheilakilbane.comInstagram: instagram.com/sheilakilbanemdFacebook: facebook.com/sheilakilbanemdLinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/sheilakilbaneTwitter: x.com/sheilakilbanemd----Nancy O’Hara, MD, MPH, FAAP, FMAPSWebsite: https://www.drohara.comFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/drnancyohara/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nhoharamd/LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nancy-o-hara-md-mph-faap-390781258/----PODCASTThank you for listening. Please subscribe and share.This podcast is produced by DrTalks.comhttps://drtalks.com/podcast-service/

Nov 26, 2025 • 50min
The ‘Total Load’ Theory Every Parent Should Know
From toxins to trauma, diet to infections—modern kids face more than we realize. In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Beth Lambert and Dr. Heather Tallman Ruhm of the Documenting Hope Project join us to talk about why children’s chronic conditions like autism are driven by a ‘total load’ of modern-life stressors. Uncover how their groundbreaking research empowers parents to identify these invisible stressors and kickstart lasting change.----Modern life is heavy on kids’ systems. This episode shows how to lift the weight. In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Dr. Heather Ruhm and Beth Lambert from Documenting Hope join us to talk about the ‘total load’ theory: the idea that the modern world overwhelms children’s systems through diet, toxins, infections, and environmental exposures. We unpack a study that tracks thousands of data points to reveal the hidden web of factors contributing to chronic conditions like autism and PANS/PANDAS.This conversation reminds families that progress begins with awareness: by tracking symptoms, noticing small wins, and reducing total load, parents can unlock new levels of resilience and hope for their child and the entire household.----Beth Lambert is a former healthcare consultant and teacher who has spent over a decade studying the environmental and lifestyle factors driving chronic illness in children. As the Founder and Executive Director of Epidemic Answers and the Documenting Hope Project, she leads groundbreaking initiatives that combine research, education, and storytelling to inspire healing and transformation. She is the author of A Compromised Generation: The Epidemic of Chronic Illness in America’s Children and co-author of Brain Under Attack: A Resource for Parents and Caregivers of Children with PANS, PANDAS, and Autoimmune Encephalitis. Beth holds degrees from Williams College and Fairfield University, and she studied at Oxford University.Dr. Heather Tallman Ruhm is a Board-Certified Family Physician dedicated to whole-person, integrative care. Blending her background in medicine with expertise in functional, bioregulatory, and energy medicine, she helps patients harness their innate healing capacity and self-regulation. A graduate of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine, she also holds a Master’s in Public Policy from Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. Dr. Tallman Ruhm has practiced across the United States, taught college-level courses in pathology and wellness, and co-authored peer-reviewed research on autism recovery. Based in Southern New Hampshire, she continues to teach, speak, and practice part-time while finding joy in yoga, skiing, hiking, and gardening.----Website: documentinghope.comInstagram: instagram.com/documentinghopeFacebook: facebook.com/DocumentingHopeYouTube: youtube.com/channel/UC_ZHXwyx8jIhJbUD2GXCTnwLinkedIn: linkedin.com/company/documentinghope/Twitter: x.com/DocumentingHope----Nancy O’Hara, MD, MPH, FAAP, FMAPSWebsite: https://www.drohara.comFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/drnancyohara/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nhoharamd/LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nancy-o-hara-md-mph-faap-390781258/----PODCASTThank you for listening. Please subscribe and share.This podcast is produced by DrTalks.comhttps://drtalks.com/podcast-service/

Nov 19, 2025 • 1h 13min
How Gut Microbes Shape Behavior and Recovery
What if the fastest way to calm the brain starts in the gut? In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Dr. Sabine Hazan reveals surprising links between gut microbes and the brain—showing how tiny shifts in bifidobacteria can influence cognition, behavior, and recovery. She also unpacks the truth about fecal transplant, what makes a ‘good’ donor, why environment and product quality can undo progress, and how to verify real microbiome healing instead of guessing.----Fecal transplants, fake probiotics, and the fight for real gut healing. In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Dr. Sabine Hazan joins us to share her groundbreaking work linking the gut to the brain and immune system. She explains how changes in the microbiome can influence conditions like autism and why restoring balance in the gut often leads to measurable improvements in health and behavior.Dr. Hazan breaks down why fecal transplant is both science and art, from choosing the right donor to ensuring true engraftment and a supportive environment. She also exposes how many probiotic and yogurt labels fail to match their claims, urging families to test and verify quality. Her message is clear: when we protect the gut, we open the door to lasting healing and scientific discovery.----Dr. Sabine Hazan is a trailblazer in gastroenterology, internal medicine, and hepatology, known for redefining how we understand the microbiome. As the first woman accepted into the University of Florida’s Clinical Gastroenterology Fellowship, she went on to lead over 300 clinical trials through her company, Ventura Clinical Trials, and now serves as founder and CEO of Progenabiome, a genetic sequencing lab conducting more than 35 microbiome studies.Her team was the first in the world to detect SARS-CoV-2 in patient stool samples by whole genome sequencing, linking gut health to susceptibility to COVID. As Series Editor on the microbiome for Practical Gastroenterology and a frequent speaker at global conferences, she continues to push the boundaries of microbiome science—most recently pioneering familial fecal transplants that offer new hope for children with autism.----Sabine Hazan, MDWebsite: progenabiome.comInstagram: www.instagram.com/dr.sabinehazan----Nancy O’Hara, MD, MPH, FAAP, FMAPSWebsite: https://www.drohara.comFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/drnancyohara/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nhoharamd/LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nancy-o-hara-md-mph-faap-390781258/----PODCASTThank you for listening. Please subscribe and share.This podcast is produced by DrTalks.comhttps://drtalks.com/podcast-service/

Nov 12, 2025 • 58min
The Hidden Mold Mistakes That Keep Families Stuck
What if your child’s symptoms trace back to your home’s air and dust? In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Meredith Pleiter, an environmental health coach, joins us to reveal the eight non-negotiables for successful mold remediation. He also shares practical, budget-friendly steps families can take now to protect their kids from mold.----What if your home is quietly keeping your child sick—even after mold remediation? Here’s why that test might be lying to you. In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Meredith Pleiter joins us to lay out eight non-negotiables to protect your home from mold. She explains why new houses can still be moldy, why visible mold is only the tip of the iceberg, and why the inspector you choose determines everything.We talk about fine-particle cleaning that removes spores, fragments, and mycotoxins from dust, how to choose an effective vacuum, when to fog, and why wet-wiping beats dry dusting. Meredith also covers simple wins for tight budgets—from self-draining dehumidifiers to vents, rugs, cars, and high-dust surfaces. Her message is hopeful and human: use your village, learn your home, and remember that food heals, environment matters, and you are not alone.----Nancy O’Hara, MD, MPH, FAAP, FMAPSWebsite: https://www.drohara.comFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/drnancyohara/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nhoharamd/LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nancy-o-hara-md-mph-faap-390781258/----PODCASTThank you for listening. Please subscribe and share.This podcast is produced by DrTalks.comhttps://drtalks.com/podcast-service/

Nov 5, 2025 • 57min
Could Folate Be the Missing Key in Your Child’s Progress?
At ReligenDX, we are revolutionizing diagnostic testing by equipping healthcare professionals with cutting-edge tools for early detection, targeted interventions, and improved patient outcomes. Our innovative solutions, including the Folate Receptor Antibody Test (FRAT) for PANS, PANDAS, and Autism, provide critical insights into neurological and immune-related conditions. With a commitment to scientific excellence and personalized medicine, ReligenDX empowers clinicians to make informed decisions and optimize treatment for every patient.Website: fratnow.com or religendx.com----Normal folate test results may not tell you what the brain actually needs. In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Dr. Richard Frye, a child neurologist, joins us to explain cerebral folate deficiency, why many kids show brain-level need despite normal blood tests, and how targeted folinic acid, dairy elimination, and mitochondrial support can unlock language, calm tics, and steady behavior.----Think your child’s folate levels are fine? Here’s why that test might be lying to you. In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Dr. Richard Frye shares the fascinating story behind cerebral folate deficiency, how antibodies can block folate from entering the brain, and why so many kids with autism improve with folinic acid (leucovorin). He explains how symptoms shift with age and why some children need more folate, not less.Dr. Frye then reveals surprising connections: how dairy proteins can block receptors, why certain brands of leucovorin work better, and why ‘normal’ folate tests often mislead. He connects mitochondrial overdrive, nutrient gaps, and prenatal stress, showing parents and practitioners how a step-by-step plan helps children regain focus, energy, and progress.----Dr. Richard Frye is a Child Neurologist with expertise in neurodevelopmental and neurometabolic disorders. He received an MD and PhD in Physiology and Biophysics from Georgetown University. He completed a residency in Pediatrics at the University of Miami, Residency in Child Neurology and Fellowship in Behavioral Neurology and Learning Disabilities at Harvard University/Children’s Hospital Boston and Fellowship in Psychology at Boston University. He also received a Masters in Biomedical Science and Biostatistics from Drexel University. He holds board certifications in Pediatrics, and in Neurology with Special Competence in Child Neurology. He has authored over 300 publications and book chapters and serves on several editorial boards.Dr. Frye is a national leader in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research. He is President and Chief Scientific Officer of the Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Chief Medical Officer of the Neurological Health Foundation, Director of Research and Neurologist at the Rossignol Medical Center and Principal Investigator at the Southwest Autism Research and Resource Center.He has lead several clinical studies on children with ASD, including studies focusing on defining the clinical, behavioral, cognitive, genetic and metabolic characteristics of children with ASD and mitochondrial disease and several clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of safe and novel treatments that target underlying physiological abnormalities in children with ASD, including studies on leucovorin, cobalamin and tetrahydrobiopterin and has an ongoing multicenter controlled clinical trial on leucovorin, neuroimmune modulators and photobiomodulation.----Nancy O’Hara, MD, MPH, FAAP, FMAPSWebsite: https://www.drohara.comFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/drnancyohara/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nhoharamd/LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nancy-o-hara-md-mph-faap-390781258/----PODCASTThank you for listening. Please subscribe and share.This podcast is produced by DrTalks.comhttps://drtalks.com/podcast-service/

Oct 29, 2025 • 56min
Masks, Lockdowns, and the Hidden Cost to Children
School closures, masking, and fear left scars. Here's how to rebuild resilience. In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Dr. Elizabeth Mumper joins us to unpack what COVID taught us about children’s health—what worked, what harmed, and how to do better next time. She connects school closures, masking, and fear with developmental and mental health fallout, then ties the virus to neuroinflammation, viral reactivation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and practical ways families can restore resilience.----Did the lockdowns do more damage to our kids than the virus? In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Dr. Elizabeth Mumper reveals how fear-driven lockdowns and masking policies may have harmed kids more than helped, disrupting emotional growth, learning, and safety nets. She contrasts this with other countries’ child-centered models and exposes how misclassified hospital data exaggerated children’s risk, fueling unnecessary fear.Dr. Mumper then connects the dots between the virus and PANS/PANDAS, exploring how spike proteins, viral reactivation, and mitochondrial stress can ignite brain inflammation and mood shifts. From the gut-brain connection to the power of vitamins, oxygen, and parental intuition, she lays out a hopeful roadmap: support the mitochondria, question the narrative, and trust your instincts to protect your child’s future.----Dr. Elizabeth Mumper is the President and CEO of The Rimland Center, where she mentors clinicians dedicated to helping children with neurodevelopmental challenges. She leads two pediatric practices—Advocates for Children, a general pediatrics practice, and Advocates for Families, which focuses on children with autism and related disorders.A magna cum laude graduate of Bridgewater College, Dr. Mumper earned her medical degree from the Medical College of Virginia and completed her pediatric residency at the University of Massachusetts and the University of Virginia, where she later served as Chief Resident. Her decades-long career includes roles as Director of Pediatric Education for the Lynchburg Family Practice Residency Program, clinical faculty at UVA, and Medical Director of the Autism Research Institute. She currently teaches for MAPS (Medical Academy for Pediatric Special Needs) and Intersect for Kids and serves on the Medical Advisory Board for TACA (Talk About Curing Autism).Widely recognized for her contributions to pediatric medicine, she has received numerous awards, including Miracle Maker of Central Virginia, Woman of the Year in Health and Sciences, and multiple Inspiring Change Awards from the MINDD Foundation. A respected author and international lecturer, she continues to advance functional and integrative approaches to pediatric care, inspiring clinicians and families across the globe.----Elizabeth Mumper, MD, IFMCP, FMAPSLinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/elizabeth-mumper-b143022a----Nancy O’Hara, MD, MPH, FAAP, FMAPSWebsite: https://www.drohara.comFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/drnancyohara/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nhoharamd/LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nancy-o-hara-md-mph-faap-390781258/----PODCASTThank you for listening. Please subscribe and share.This podcast is produced by DrTalks.comhttps://drtalks.com/podcast-service/

Oct 22, 2025 • 52min
Why Normal Tests Don’t Mean a Healthy Brain
Before you treat, see the brain. This is why it matters. In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Dr. Eboni Cornish explains how brain scans can help us see and calm the brain inflammation that's messing with mood, sleep, and thinking. She details common root causes (vector-borne infections, mold/biotoxins, strep), the often-missed basics, and practical limbic system retraining tools that make treatment tolerable.-----This scan shows what lab tests often miss—and what to do next. In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Dr. Eboni Cornish joins us to explain how brain scans can reveal inflammation and guide the next steps, from addressing hidden infections and toxins to designing the right therapies. She also describes her two-week intensive program that helps families reset with daily support and clear direction.She highlights common but overlooked issues—hormones, thyroid, sleep apnea, and gut health—that can stall recovery. She shows how calming an overwhelmed nervous system with limbic retraining makes treatments safer and more effective. Most importantly, she reminds families that there’s hope and real answers beyond standard testing.-----Dr. Eboni Cornish is an integrative and functional medicine physician known for helping patients of all ages uncover and heal the root causes of complex chronic illness. She specializes in autoimmune disease, tick-borne disease, environmental toxicity, gut and neurological imbalances, and uses an evidence-based, whole-body approach to restore health.At Amen Clinics, Dr. Cornish co-developed the Neuroinflammatory Intensive Program, a two-week immersive reset that combines advanced brain imaging, targeted therapies, and close medical support to help patients with persistent neurological and inflammatory conditions.Dr. Cornish earned both her undergraduate and medical degrees from Brown University and completed her family medicine residency at Georgetown University. A Howard Hughes Medical Fellow, she conducted research at the NIH with Dr. Francis Collins and now serves as Treasurer of the International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society and is a Fellow of the Institute of Functional Medicine. Recognized as Northern Virginia’s Top Doctor, she’s widely respected for her patient-centered care and dedication to educating clinicians in functional and integrative medicine.-----Eboni Cornish, MDWebsite: https://www.amenclinics.com/team/eboni-cornish-md/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dr.ebonicornish/-----Nancy O’Hara, MD, MPH, FAAP, FMAPSWebsite: https://www.drohara.comFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/drnancyohara/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nhoharamd/LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nancy-o-hara-md-mph-faap-390781258/----PODCASTThank you for listening. Please subscribe and share.This podcast is produced by DrTalks.comhttps://drtalks.com/podcast-service/

Oct 15, 2025 • 48min
Brain First Parenting: A Calmer Way to Handle Big Behaviors
Supporting the nervous system beats punishing behavior. Here’s how. In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Eileen Devine explains Brain First Parenting: a shift from behavior control to supporting a child’s brain and nervous system with empathy, accommodations, and co-regulation. She shows why parent healing and regulation are essential, why traditional behavior plans often fail kids with neuroimmune/neurobehavioral differences, and how families can build resilience day by day.-----It’s not bad behavior—it’s missing brain skills. In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Eileen Devine joins us to explain how what looks like refusal or defiance in kids is often a brain skills gap or a stressed nervous system. Traditional charts, punishments, and rewards usually fail these kids—and exhaust parents.Instead, she shows how to match expectations to your child’s real abilities, build in supports where skills lag, and use your own calm presence to help them regulate. She also talks about handling unpredictable ‘on/off’ days, the hidden trauma parents carry, and how to stop spiraling about the future. Tune in now to hear practical ways to work with schools, know when an environment isn’t safe, and add small daily habits that build endurance and hope over time.-----Eileen Devine is a parent coach, licensed clinical social worker, and mother to a teenager with neurobehavioral differences. After discovering the neurobehavioral model nearly a decade ago, she transformed her approach to parenting—and now helps other families do the same. She specializes in supporting parents of children with challenging behavioral symptoms, teaching a brain-first approach that builds connection, reduces overwhelm, and restores hope at home.-----Eileen Devine, LCSWWebsite: https://www.eileendevine.com/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/eileen.devine_brain.first/?hl=enFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/EileenDevineBrainFirstParentingSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0yxGMOkvas1wAmojafUWZxLinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/eileen-devine-b05638180/-----Nancy O’Hara, MD, MPH, FAAP, FMAPSWebsite: https://www.drohara.comFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/drnancyohara/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nhoharamd/LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nancy-o-hara-md-mph-faap-390781258/----PODCASTThank you for listening. Please subscribe and share.This podcast is produced by DrTalks.comhttps://drtalks.com/podcast-service/

Oct 8, 2025 • 35min
When Infections Masquerade as Mental Illness
When sudden mood swings or rage don’t respond to treatment, infections may be the culprit. In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Dr. Rosalie Greenberg, a child and adolescent psychiatrist, explains how hidden infections can inflame the brain and trigger psychiatric symptoms. She shares real stories, warning signs to watch for, and a practical three-step approach: treat the infection, calm the immune system, and ease symptoms so kids can get their childhood back.-----When parents say something’s wrong, they’re usually right. In this episode of Demystifying PANS/PANDAS, Dr. Rosalie Greenberg shares how many kids once labeled with psychiatric disorders—like bipolar or even schizophrenia—were actually battling hidden infections. She describes dramatic turnarounds, like a teen misdiagnosed with schizophrenia who improved once treated for Bartonella.Dr. Greenberg explains why some medications (like antidepressants) can backfire in vulnerable kids, and how to use them more safely by starting very low, increasing slowly, and always watching for family history of bipolar disorder. She also notes how ‘psychiatric herx’ reactions during treatment sometimes ease with simple anti-inflammatories. Her bottom line is simple but powerful: be a detective, listen to parents, and never ignore sudden changes in a child’s behavior.-----Dr. Rosalie Greenberg is a board-certified adult, child, and adolescent psychiatrist recognized for her expertise in complex childhood psychiatric disorders and pediatric psychopharmacology. She earned her MD from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, where she also completed her residency and fellowship, later serving as chief resident and a longtime faculty member.With over four decades of experience, she has authored books, research articles, and produced educational media addressing topics from adolescent suicide and pediatric bipolar disorder to the psychiatric impact of infections. Practicing in New Jersey, she was among the first to highlight the connection between tick-borne illnesses and psychiatric symptoms in children, often in cases where no tick bite was known. Today, her private practice in Summit, New Jersey, focuses on the psychiatric manifestations of infectious and immune-related diseases in youth, while she continues to lecture nationally and internationally on children’s mental health.-----Rosalie Greenberg, MDWebsite: https://www.rosaliegreenbergmd.com/-----Nancy O’Hara, MD, MPH, FAAP, FMAPSWebsite: https://www.drohara.comFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/drnancyohara/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nhoharamd/LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nancy-o-hara-md-mph-faap-390781258/----PODCASTThank you for listening. Please subscribe and share.This podcast is produced by DrTalks.comhttps://drtalks.com/podcast-service/

Oct 1, 2025 • 40min
Fake Food, Real Damage: Protecting Kids’ Gut and Immunity
Dr. Michelle Perro, a seasoned pediatrician and integrative medicine expert, discusses the impact of 'fake food' on children's health. She emphasizes how environmental toxins disrupt gut health and immunity, linking processed foods to rising autoimmune issues. Dr. Perro shares actionable steps for families, such as prioritizing organic foods, cooking at home, and gardening with kids. She also highlights the importance of breastfeeding and nutrient testing to enhance children's well-being. The conversation is both informative and empowering for parents.


