Dr. Steven Hart is a Senior Associate Consultant in AI at Mayo Clinic who has played a key role in shaping genomics and digital pathology with GenomeGPS, Mayo Clinic’s primary DNA sequencing workflow. His groundbreaking contributions have led to advancements in understanding inherited cancer risk and improving digital pathology workflows. With over 100 peer-reviewed publications, Dr. Hart’s innovative algorithms are driving efficiency in genetic predisposition testing, reducing unnecessary procedures, and enhancing precision healthcare. We had some audio issues for this one which we tried to fix but they're still pretty apparent so apologies for that D:! 00:00:00 - Introduction  00:01:09 - From a factory worker to a leader in AI and medicine 00:05:11 - Proving people wrong as a motivator 00:06:37 - Crazy factory stories 00:07:38 - Why Mayo Clinic? 00:09:52 - Surprising things about Mayo Clinic 00:11:33 - Is Mayo Clinic’s data high quality? 00:12:55 - How to prepare healthcare for AI (and why AI won’t actually have the biggest impact) 00:20:50 - Democratizing pathology with AI  00:25:38 - Will AI replace pathologists? 00:29:24 - How do you judge how well an embedding works?  00:33:22 - Reducing expectations for diagnostic AI usage in healthcare 00:36:46 - How do you keep up with the rapidly evolving pace of AI? 00:38:31 - OpenAI o1 and prompt hacking  00:41:27 - Are we close to artificial general intelligence?  00:47:03 - How helpful are regulatory agencies like the FDA with translating AI? 00:49:52 - What makes a good question? 00:53:33 - Favorite parts about living in Rochester, MN 00:55:14 - What gives your life meaning?  00:58:36 - Advice for young people in uncertain times Host: Nathan Keller Twitter: @NathanKellerX Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nathankeller1/ Producer: Saurin Kantesaria Linkedin: Saurin Kantesaria

Ran Shaul is the chief product officer and co-founder of K Health. With his robust background as a successful founder, Ran has been pivotal in transforming how we approach medical diagnostics and personalized treatment. Under his leadership, K Health has developed innovative AI-driven solutions, including a partnership with Cedars-Sinai and Mayo Clinic. Ran's dedication to improving the patient experience by leveraging technology is reshaping healthcare delivery, making it more efficient and accessible. Host: Nathan Keller Twitter: @NathanKellerX Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nathankeller1/ Producer: Saurin Kantesaria Linkedin: Saurin Kantesaria 00:00 - Introduction  00:52 - What are 3 patient questions doctors and AI should help answer?  03:26 - Why does ChatGPT fall short in diagnosing patients?  07:30 - AI does the tedious stuff so doctors can focus on medicine (K Health’s model)  09:29 - Combing through 400,000,000 unstructured doctor’s notes  11:53 - How do you ask the right clinical questions with AI? 15:41 - Putting a clinician in the loop of AI learning 19:21 - “You can have the perfect algorithm…it does not mean it will be used properly in any clinical setting”  23:27 - The difficulties transitioning from leading a startup to a larger company 26:56 - Telemedicine 2.0 - integrating 24/7 online care with brick and mortar hospitals (Cedars-Sinai Virtual Platform) 31:32 - AI can go further than notes - helping physicians proactively manage patients 39:07 - What gives your life meaning? 42:56 - What advice do you have for young people?

Dr. Robert Dürichen leads the machine learning analytics team at Arcturis Data, a company focused on processing and analyzing large-scale electronic health record (EHR) datasets. His current research uses small and large language models to enrich EHR datasets from unstructured patient notes and improve quality through standardization techniques. Hosts: Nathan Keller + Madeline Ahern Twitter: @NathanKell57664 + @maddie_ahern  Audio/Video Editor + Art: Saurin Kantesaria Linkedin: Saurin Kantesaria Intro 0:00 Who is Robert Durichen? 1:29 What is Arcturis? 6:25 How can machine learning speed up clinical trials? 9:43 Typical Arcturis Project 12:06 Progression of Machine Learning 24:45 AI Taking Jobs 29:50 What is Arctex? 33:50 Who works at Arctex? 38:55 Future of Arcturis 40:58 What gives your life meaning? 43:30 Advice for young people on maintaining a work-life balance 44:26

Dr. Nina Kottler is the associate chief medical officer of clinical artificial intelligence and vice president of clinical operations for Radiology Partners, the largest radiology practice in the US, serving over 3,250 hospitals and other healthcare facilities, interpreting over 53 million exams annually.  Host: David Wu Twitter: @davidjhwu Audio Producer: Aaron Schumacher LinkedIn: Aaron Schumacher  Video Editor + Art: Saurin Kantesaria Instagram: saorange314 00:00:58 What brought you to the intersection of medicine and artificial intelligence? 00:07:00 The importance of translating between clinicians and AI engineers 00:12:54 The origins of Radiology Partners  00:16:40 Dr. Kottler’s start in Teleradiology  00:21:18 The transition form analog to digital in Radiology  00:27:35 The current state of Radiology Partners 00:32:00 When did Dr. Kottler become a leader in the AI projects? 00:45:00 AI models that Radiology Partners use  00:52:00 Fragility, Technological Evaluation and Business evaluation in Radiology AI systems 00:56:10 Dr. Kottler’s thoughts on what the future of AI and Radiology will look like.  01:00:30 Dr. Kottler’s advice for people in medicine desiring unique paths.  01:02:45 What brings you joy?

Munjal Shah is the co-founder and CEO of Hippocratic AI, a new startup in Generative AI + Healthcare. Hippocratic is building a safety-focused large language model specifically built for the healthcare industry.  Host: David Wu Twitter: @davidjhwu Audio Producer: Aaron Schumacher LinkedIn: Aaron Schumacher  Video Editor + Art: Saurin Kantesaria Instagram: saorange314 Time Stamps: 00:00:58 What brought you to the intersection of medicine and artificial intelligence? 00:06:20 Overview of the American Healthcare System  00:08:06 Hippocratic AI and the Adherence Problem within healthcare  00:14:30 Building an AI Chronic Care Nurse for specific conditions  00:17:15 AI systems and medical co-morbidities  00:24:00 The process of building Hippocratic AI 00:32:45 Becoming more efficient than ChatGPT4 00:33:48 Navigating the problem of hallucinations with Hippocratic AI 00:39:30 How close are we to Health General Intelligence (HGI)? 00:45:40 What advice would you give to someone interested in starting their own company? 00:48:20 How did mentorship shape your path? 00:49:40 What brings you joy? 00:52:25 How do you find novel ideas for start-ups?

Dr. Mamdani is a professor, pharmacist, and epidemiologist. He is the Vice President of Data Science and Advanced Analytics at Unity Health Toronto and Director of the University of Toronto Temerty Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Education in Medicine (T-CAIREM). Dr. Mamdani’s team bridges advanced analytics including machine learning with clinical and management decision making to improve patient outcomes and hospital efficiency. Dr. Mamdani is also Professor in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, and the Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation of the Dalla Lana School of Public Health at the University of Toronto. He is also a Faculty Affiliate of the Vector Institute. He has published over 500 studies in peer-reviewed journals. Host: Raeesa Kabir  Audio Producer: Melanie Bussan Video Editor + Art: Saurin Kantesaria Instagram: saorange314 Social Media: Nikhil Kapur Time Stamps: 0:00 Dr. Mamdani’s Background and Career Path 9:30 Where current data driven medicine strategies fall short and how AI can step in 17:00 How Dr. Mamdani’s work in AI and machine learning began 22:00 Applied Health Research Center and the Ontario Policy Research Network 28:45 The impact of utilizing machine learning and AI at the level of patient care - Chart Watch 35:50 Logistics of Developing and Implementing AI solutions 39:10 Insights Gained - From Purpose to Implementation 43:30 Directing Multiple Projects - Recruitment of AI Team  47:45 Future Projects: Back to AI Basics  54:15 Future of AI in Medicine - Fostering trust in AI 57:20 Advice to Younger Self

CardinalKit (now Spezi) is an open-source framework for Digital Health Applications and Research. They were recently featured in the news for releasing HealthGPT, an experimental iOS app that lets you query your health data. Spezi is housed in the Stanford Byers Center for Biodesign and directed by Oliver Aalami, MD with Vishnu Ravi, MD as lead architect. Also joining us on this interview is postdoc Paul Schmiedmayer, PhD. Spezi provides a suite of tools to build modern, interoperable digital health tools from the ground up, from the app itself to storing and analyzing collected data in the cloud. It is designed to accelerate rapid prototyping of digital health applications by reducing costs by as much as 75% (~$150,000) and timelines by 12 months. Host: David Wu Twitter: @davidjhwu  Audio Producer + Video Editor + Art: Saurin Kantesaria Instagram: saorange314 Social Media: Nikhil Kapur Time Stamps: 00:58 - The expertise behind Spezi (CardinalKit) 08:03 - Healthcare has a lack of data standardization + Why you should know about HL7 FHIR 14:13 - How did Spezi (CardinalKit) become what it is today? 18:26 - Drink Spezi! 19:53 - Making code/healthcare data more modular and user-friendly 26:40 - Translating a med student's sensor research to a useable device for kids with cerebral palsy 31:20 - From a $40,000 eczema patch test in clinic to a completely at-home test 35:45 - Using healthGPT to make health data easy to understand for patients (LLM on FHIR) 42:35 - How do you deal with privacy issues? 49:33 - What do you think the future of AI in medicine will look like in 10-20 years? 52:00 - Applications where using only an LLM doesn't always work (a case for hybrid systems) 55:30 - What brings you joy? 58:43 - What makes a successful digital health team?

Dereck Paul, MD is a cofounder and the CEO of Glass Health, an AI-powered medical knowledge management and clinical decision-making platform that helps clinicians provide better patient care. Previously, he was an internal medicine resident at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and a medical student at the UCSF School of Medicine. Host: David Wu Twitter: @davidjhwu  Audio Producer + Video Editor + Art: Saurin Kantesaria Instagram: saorange314 Social Media: Nikhil Kapur Time Stamps: 01:13 - From music major to med school to making a startup 06:30 - Poor healthcare technology = physician burnout, the motivation for building Glass Health 09:15 - Glass Notebook - "Notion for doctors" 11:24 - Building a startup in the era of Chat-GPT 13:50 - What doctors need in an AI-assisted diagnosis software 19:15 - Transition towards a more AI oriented technology - Glass AI 23:00 - How does Glass AI make accurate diagnoses? 28:40 - Why doctors need to be involved in building clinical AI products 30:50 - Practical usage of Glass AI in the clinic 33:04 - Why Glass AI will be more trustworthy than Chat-GPT in writing clinical notes 37:43 - Why LLMs don't need to be perfect for use in the clinic 40:28 - Ethical implications of Glass AI and similar products 45:34 - Should we disclose when we use AI to write a clinical note? 49:13 - What do you think the future of AI in medicine will look like in 10-20 years? 52:30 - What brings you joy? What gives your life meaning? 56:10 - Would you ever go back to being a musician?

Jerry Liu is the co-founder and creator of LlamaIndex (formerly known as GPT-Index), an interface that allows users to connect their data to LLM’s such as Chat-GPT. He has a B.S. in Computer Science from Princeton and has worked at companies such as Quora, Uber, and Robust Intelligence prior to starting LlamaIndex. Host: David Wu Twitter: @davidjhwu Audio Producer: Aaron Schumacher LinkedIn: Aaron Schumacher  Video Editor + Art: Saurin Kantesaria Instagram: saorange314 Social Media: Nikhil Kapur Time Stamps: 01:25 The path to starting LlamaIndex + initial ideas 07:09 LLMs like Chat-GPT vs traditional machine learning 10:00 4 steps of traditional machine learning 10:45 How do large LLMs change the game? 14:11 How does LlamaIndex help LLMs work with unstructured data? 18:08 How do you work with gigabytes of private data? 19:57 Organizing words and paragraphs by topic with embeddings 24:55 The importance of structuring data 26:00 3 key abstractions in LlamaIndex 29:25 Medical use cases for LlamaIndex 31:29 Increasing efficiency in medicine 33:25 An AI medical Research Assistant (Insight) 34:31 Other methods of connecting LLMs to data 36:55 What is langchain? 39:56 What work in the AI and LLM space excites you the most? 42:23 Do you ever feel scared about the developments of AI? 43:45 Llamas and Machine Learning 45:36 What do you think the future of AI in medicine will look like in 10-20 years? 47:24 What advice would you give to grad students, med students, and other early career professionals getting into AI and medicine?

Dr. Ryan earned both a doctorate of medicine (M.D.) and master in public health (M.P.H.) degree from the University of Connecticut in 2001. He completed his postdoctoral training at Harvard's Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, including a chief residency and cardiology fellowship. In 2014 Dr. Ryan started Boards and Beyond, an online lecture library used by medical students across the world to prepare for board exams. In 2022, Dr. Ryan sold his company to McGraw Hill and will continue working to build medical education materials.  Host: David Wu Twitter: @davidjhwu Audio Producer: Aaron Schumacher LinkedIn: Aaron Schumacher  Video Editor + Art: Saurin Kantesaria Instagram: saorange314 Social Media: Nikhil Kapur Time Stamps: 00:55 - How did you come to create Boards and Beyond  08:00 - What was it like to make videos outside of your specialty 09:30 - The launch of Boards and Beyond  12:22 - Designing the Curriculum for Boards and Beyond  15:10 - Jason Ryan on selling Boards and Beyond to McGraw Hill  16:58 - What is next for Jason Ryan? 18:00 - Who were Jason Ryan’s favorite teachers  19:48 - What makes a good teacher  23:40 - What are your thoughts on the future of artificial intelligence and medical education 30:03 - Thoughts on Khan Academy’s AI-based Khanmigo  31:25 - Jason Ryan’s thoughts on becoming a clinician  35:29 - Mentorship throughout Jason Ryan’s career  37:35 - Could medical training be shortened? 41:40 - What do you think the future of medicine and artificial intelligence will look like? 43:10 - What advice would you give medical students today? 46:14 - What brings you joy and meaning? What are your greatest fears? 52:48 - What was your lowest point in medical training and how did you overcome it?